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2019-03-23MIPS: Remove function size check in get_frame_info()Jun-Ru Chang1-4/+3
[ Upstream commit 2b424cfc69728224fcb5fad138ea7260728e0901 ] Patch (b6c7a324df37b "MIPS: Fix get_frame_info() handling of microMIPS function size.") introduces additional function size check for microMIPS by only checking insn between ip and ip + func_size. However, func_size in get_frame_info() is always 0 if KALLSYMS is not enabled. This causes get_frame_info() to return immediately without calculating correct frame_size, which in turn causes "Can't analyze schedule() prologue" warning messages at boot time. This patch removes func_size check, and let the frame_size check run up to 128 insns for both MIPS and microMIPS. Signed-off-by: Jun-Ru Chang <jrjang@realtek.com> Signed-off-by: Tony Wu <tonywu@realtek.com> Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com> Fixes: b6c7a324df37b ("MIPS: Fix get_frame_info() handling of microMIPS function size.") Cc: <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: <jhogan@kernel.org> Cc: <macro@mips.com> Cc: <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> Cc: <peterz@infradead.org> Cc: <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: <linux-mips@vger.kernel.org> Cc: <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
2018-11-10MIPS: microMIPS: Fix decoding of swsp16 instructionMatt Redfearn1-1/+1
[ Upstream commit cea8cd498f4f1c30ea27e3664b3c671e495c4fce ] When the immediate encoded in the instruction is accessed, it is sign extended due to being a signed value being assigned to a signed integer. The ISA specifies that this operation is an unsigned operation. The sign extension leads us to incorrectly decode: 801e9c8e: cbf1 sw ra,68(sp) As having an immediate of 1073741809. Since the instruction format does not specify signed/unsigned, and this is currently the only location to use this instuction format, change it to an unsigned immediate. Fixes: bb9bc4689b9c ("MIPS: Calculate microMIPS ra properly when unwinding the stack") Suggested-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com> Reviewed-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: Miodrag Dinic <miodrag.dinic@imgtec.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: David Daney <david.daney@cavium.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/16957/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
2018-11-10MIPS: Handle non word sized instructions when examining frameMatt Redfearn1-3/+6
[ Upstream commit 11887ed172a6960673f130dad8f8fb42778f64d7 ] Commit 34c2f668d0f6b ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") added fairly broken support for handling 16bit microMIPS instructions in get_frame_info(). It adjusts the instruction pointer by 16bits in the case of a 16bit sp move instruction, but not any other 16bit instruction. Commit b6c7a324df37 ("MIPS: Fix get_frame_info() handling of microMIPS function size") goes some way to fixing get_frame_info() to iterate over microMIPS instuctions, but the instruction pointer is still manipulated using a postincrement, and is of union mips_instruction type. Since the union is sized to the largest member (a word), but microMIPS instructions are a mix of halfword and word sizes, the function does not always iterate correctly, ending up misaligned with the instruction stream and interpreting it incorrectly. Since the instruction modifying the stack pointer is usually the first in the function, that one is usually handled correctly. But the instruction which saves the return address to the sp is some variable number of instructions into the frame and is frequently missed due to not being on a word boundary, leading to incomplete walking of the stack. Fix this by incrementing the instruction pointer based on the size of the previously decoded instruction (& remove the hack introduced by commit 34c2f668d0f6b ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") which adjusts the instruction pointer in the case of a 16bit sp move instruction, but not any other). Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6b ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com> Cc: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/16953/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
2018-09-19kthread: fix boot hang (regression) on MIPS/OpenRISCVegard Nossum1-1/+0
commit b0f5a8f32e8bbdaae1abb8abe2d3cbafaba57e08 upstream. This fixes a regression in commit 4d6501dce079 where I didn't notice that MIPS and OpenRISC were reinitialising p->{set,clear}_child_tid to NULL after our initialisation in copy_process(). We can simply get rid of the arch-specific initialisation here since it is now always done in copy_process() before hitting copy_thread{,_tls}(). Review notes: - As far as I can tell, copy_process() is the only user of copy_thread_tls(), which is the only caller of copy_thread() for architectures that don't implement copy_thread_tls(). - After this patch, there is no arch-specific code touching p->set_child_tid or p->clear_child_tid whatsoever. - It may look like MIPS/OpenRISC wanted to always have these fields be NULL, but that's not true, as copy_process() would unconditionally set them again _after_ calling copy_thread_tls() before commit 4d6501dce079. Fixes: 4d6501dce079c1eb6bf0b1d8f528a5e81770109e ("kthread: Fix use-after-free if kthread fork fails") Reported-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net> Tested-by: Guenter Roeck <linux@roeck-us.net> # MIPS only Acked-by: Stafford Horne <shorne@gmail.com> Acked-by: Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: Jonas Bonn <jonas@southpole.se> Cc: Stefan Kristiansson <stefan.kristiansson@saunalahti.fi> Cc: openrisc@lists.librecores.org Cc: Jamie Iles <jamie.iles@oracle.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Signed-off-by: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com> Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org> Signed-off-by: Amit Pundir <amit.pundir@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2018-07-22MIPS: Use async IPIs for arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace()Paul Burton1-1/+28
commit b63e132b6433a41cf311e8bc382d33fd2b73b505 upstream. The current MIPS implementation of arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace() is broken because it attempts to use synchronous IPIs despite the fact that it may be run with interrupts disabled. This means that when arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace() is invoked, for example by the RCU CPU stall watchdog, we may: - Deadlock due to use of synchronous IPIs with interrupts disabled, causing the CPU that's attempting to generate the backtrace output to hang itself. - Not succeed in generating the desired output from remote CPUs. - Produce warnings about this from smp_call_function_many(), for example: [42760.526910] INFO: rcu_sched detected stalls on CPUs/tasks: [42760.535755] 0-...!: (1 GPs behind) idle=ade/140000000000000/0 softirq=526944/526945 fqs=0 [42760.547874] 1-...!: (0 ticks this GP) idle=e4a/140000000000000/0 softirq=547885/547885 fqs=0 [42760.559869] (detected by 2, t=2162 jiffies, g=266689, c=266688, q=33) [42760.568927] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [42760.576146] WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 1216 at kernel/smp.c:416 smp_call_function_many+0x88/0x20c [42760.587839] Modules linked in: [42760.593152] CPU: 2 PID: 1216 Comm: sh Not tainted 4.15.4-00373-gee058bb4d0c2 #2 [42760.603767] Stack : 8e09bd20 8e09bd20 8e09bd20 fffffff0 00000007 00000006 00000000 8e09bca8 [42760.616937] 95b2b379 95b2b379 807a0080 00000007 81944518 0000018a 00000032 00000000 [42760.630095] 00000000 00000030 80000000 00000000 806eca74 00000009 8017e2b8 000001a0 [42760.643169] 00000000 00000002 00000000 8e09baa4 00000008 808b8008 86d69080 8e09bca0 [42760.656282] 8e09ad50 805e20aa 00000000 00000000 00000000 8017e2b8 00000009 801070ca [42760.669424] ... [42760.673919] Call Trace: [42760.678672] [<27fde568>] show_stack+0x70/0xf0 [42760.685417] [<84751641>] dump_stack+0xaa/0xd0 [42760.692188] [<699d671c>] __warn+0x80/0x92 [42760.698549] [<68915d41>] warn_slowpath_null+0x28/0x36 [42760.705912] [<f7c76c1c>] smp_call_function_many+0x88/0x20c [42760.713696] [<6bbdfc2a>] arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace+0x30/0x4a [42760.722216] [<f845bd33>] rcu_dump_cpu_stacks+0x6a/0x98 [42760.729580] [<796e7629>] rcu_check_callbacks+0x672/0x6ac [42760.737476] [<059b3b43>] update_process_times+0x18/0x34 [42760.744981] [<6eb94941>] tick_sched_handle.isra.5+0x26/0x38 [42760.752793] [<478d3d70>] tick_sched_timer+0x1c/0x50 [42760.759882] [<e56ea39f>] __hrtimer_run_queues+0xc6/0x226 [42760.767418] [<e88bbcae>] hrtimer_interrupt+0x88/0x19a [42760.775031] [<6765a19e>] gic_compare_interrupt+0x2e/0x3a [42760.782761] [<0558bf5f>] handle_percpu_devid_irq+0x78/0x168 [42760.790795] [<90c11ba2>] generic_handle_irq+0x1e/0x2c [42760.798117] [<1b6d462c>] gic_handle_local_int+0x38/0x86 [42760.805545] [<b2ada1c7>] gic_irq_dispatch+0xa/0x14 [42760.812534] [<90c11ba2>] generic_handle_irq+0x1e/0x2c [42760.820086] [<c7521934>] do_IRQ+0x16/0x20 [42760.826274] [<9aef3ce6>] plat_irq_dispatch+0x62/0x94 [42760.833458] [<6a94b53c>] except_vec_vi_end+0x70/0x78 [42760.840655] [<22284043>] smp_call_function_many+0x1ba/0x20c [42760.848501] [<54022b58>] smp_call_function+0x1e/0x2c [42760.855693] [<ab9fc705>] flush_tlb_mm+0x2a/0x98 [42760.862730] [<0844cdd0>] tlb_flush_mmu+0x1c/0x44 [42760.869628] [<cb259b74>] arch_tlb_finish_mmu+0x26/0x3e [42760.877021] [<1aeaaf74>] tlb_finish_mmu+0x18/0x66 [42760.883907] [<b3fce717>] exit_mmap+0x76/0xea [42760.890428] [<c4c8a2f6>] mmput+0x80/0x11a [42760.896632] [<a41a08f4>] do_exit+0x1f4/0x80c [42760.903158] [<ee01cef6>] do_group_exit+0x20/0x7e [42760.909990] [<13fa8d54>] __wake_up_parent+0x0/0x1e [42760.917045] [<46cf89d0>] smp_call_function_many+0x1a2/0x20c [42760.924893] [<8c21a93b>] syscall_common+0x14/0x1c [42760.931765] ---[ end trace 02aa09da9dc52a60 ]--- [42760.938342] ------------[ cut here ]------------ [42760.945311] WARNING: CPU: 2 PID: 1216 at kernel/smp.c:291 smp_call_function_single+0xee/0xf8 ... This patch switches MIPS' arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace() to use async IPIs & smp_call_function_single_async() in order to resolve this problem. We ensure use of the pre-allocated call_single_data_t structures is serialized by maintaining a cpumask indicating that they're busy, and refusing to attempt to send an IPI when a CPU's bit is set in this mask. This should only happen if a CPU hasn't responded to a previous backtrace IPI - ie. if it's hung - and we print a warning to the console in this case. I've marked this for stable branches as far back as v4.9, to which it applies cleanly. Strictly speaking the faulty MIPS implementation can be traced further back to commit 856839b76836 ("MIPS: Add arch_trigger_all_cpu_backtrace() function") in v3.19, but kernel versions v3.19 through v4.8 will require further work to backport due to the rework performed in commit 9a01c3ed5cdb ("nmi_backtrace: add more trigger_*_cpu_backtrace() methods"). Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com> Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/19597/ Cc: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Huacai Chen <chenhc@lemote.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.9+ Fixes: 856839b76836 ("MIPS: Add arch_trigger_all_cpu_backtrace() function") Fixes: 9a01c3ed5cdb ("nmi_backtrace: add more trigger_*_cpu_backtrace() methods") [ Huacai: backported to 4.4: Restruction since generic NMI solution is unavailable ] Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhc@lemote.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2018-07-22MIPS: Call dump_stack() from show_regs()Paul Burton1-2/+2
commit 5a267832c2ec47b2dad0fdb291a96bb5b8869315 upstream. The generic nmi_cpu_backtrace() function calls show_regs() when a struct pt_regs is available, and dump_stack() otherwise. If we were to make use of the generic nmi_cpu_backtrace() with MIPS' current implementation of show_regs() this would mean that we see only register data with no accompanying stack information, in contrast with our current implementation which calls dump_stack() regardless of whether register state is available. In preparation for making use of the generic nmi_cpu_backtrace() to implement arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace(), have our implementation of show_regs() call dump_stack() and drop the explicit dump_stack() call in arch_dump_stack() which is invoked by arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace(). This will allow the output we produce to remain the same after a later patch switches to using nmi_cpu_backtrace(). It may mean that we produce extra stack output in other uses of show_regs(), but this: 1) Seems harmless. 2) Is good for consistency between arch_trigger_cpumask_backtrace() and other users of show_regs(). 3) Matches the behaviour of the ARM & PowerPC architectures. Marked for stable back to v4.9 as a prerequisite of the following patch "MIPS: Call dump_stack() from show_regs()". Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com> Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/19596/ Cc: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Huacai Chen <chenhc@lemote.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org # v4.9+ Signed-off-by: Huacai Chen <chenhc@lemote.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2018-06-06MIPS: prctl: Disallow FRE without FR with PR_SET_FP_MODE requestsMaciej W. Rozycki1-0/+4
commit 28e4213dd331e944e7fca1954a946829162ed9d4 upstream. Having PR_FP_MODE_FRE (i.e. Config5.FRE) set without PR_FP_MODE_FR (i.e. Status.FR) is not supported as the lone purpose of Config5.FRE is to emulate Status.FR=0 handling on FPU hardware that has Status.FR=1 hardwired[1][2]. Also we do not handle this case elsewhere, and assume throughout our code that TIF_HYBRID_FPREGS and TIF_32BIT_FPREGS cannot be set both at once for a task, leading to inconsistent behaviour if this does happen. Return unsuccessfully then from prctl(2) PR_SET_FP_MODE calls requesting PR_FP_MODE_FRE to be set with PR_FP_MODE_FR clear. This corresponds to modes allowed by `mips_set_personality_fp'. References: [1] "MIPS Architecture For Programmers, Vol. III: MIPS32 / microMIPS32 Privileged Resource Architecture", Imagination Technologies, Document Number: MD00090, Revision 6.02, July 10, 2015, Table 9.69 "Config5 Register Field Descriptions", p. 262 [2] "MIPS Architecture For Programmers, Volume III: MIPS64 / microMIPS64 Privileged Resource Architecture", Imagination Technologies, Document Number: MD00091, Revision 6.03, December 22, 2015, Table 9.72 "Config5 Register Field Descriptions", p. 288 Fixes: 9791554b45a2 ("MIPS,prctl: add PR_[GS]ET_FP_MODE prctl options for MIPS") Signed-off-by: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@mips.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org> # 4.0+ Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/19327/ Signed-off-by: James Hogan <jhogan@kernel.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2018-01-17MIPS: Validate PR_SET_FP_MODE prctl(2) requests against the ABI of the taskMaciej W. Rozycki1-0/+12
commit b67336eee3fcb8ecedc6c13e2bf88aacfa3151e2 upstream. Fix an API loophole introduced with commit 9791554b45a2 ("MIPS,prctl: add PR_[GS]ET_FP_MODE prctl options for MIPS"), where the caller of prctl(2) is incorrectly allowed to make a change to CP0.Status.FR or CP0.Config5.FRE register bits even if CONFIG_MIPS_O32_FP64_SUPPORT has not been enabled, despite that an executable requesting the mode requested via ELF file annotation would not be allowed to run in the first place, or for n64 and n64 ABI tasks which do not have non-default modes defined at all. Add suitable checks to `mips_set_process_fp_mode' and bail out if an invalid mode change has been requested for the ABI in effect, even if the FPU hardware or emulation would otherwise allow it. Always succeed however without taking any further action if the mode requested is the same as one already in effect, regardless of whether any mode change, should it be requested, would actually be allowed for the task concerned. Signed-off-by: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@mips.com> Fixes: 9791554b45a2 ("MIPS,prctl: add PR_[GS]ET_FP_MODE prctl options for MIPS") Reviewed-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@mips.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@mips.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/17800/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-11-15MIPS: SMP: Use a completion event to signal CPU upMatt Redfearn1-3/+1
commit a00eeede507c975087b7b8df8cf2c9f88ba285de upstream. If a secondary CPU failed to start, for any reason, the CPU requesting the secondary to start would get stuck in the loop waiting for the secondary to be present in the cpu_callin_map. Rather than that, use a completion event to signal that the secondary CPU has started and is waiting to synchronise counters. Since the CPU presence will no longer be marked in cpu_callin_map, remove the redundant test from arch_cpu_idle_dead(). Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com> Cc: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@imgtec.com> Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz> Cc: Paul Gortmaker <paul.gortmaker@windriver.com> Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Qais Yousef <qsyousef@gmail.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14502/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-10-08MIPS: IRQ Stack: Unwind IRQ stack onto task stackMatt Redfearn1-18/+38
[ Upstream commit db8466c581cca1a08b505f1319c3ecd246f16fa8 ] When the separate IRQ stack was introduced, stack unwinding only proceeded as far as the top of the IRQ stack, leading to kernel backtraces being less useful, lacking the trace of what was interrupted. Fix this by providing a means for the kernel to unwind the IRQ stack onto the interrupted task stack. The processor state is saved to the kernel task stack on interrupt. The IRQ_STACK_START macro reserves an unsigned long at the top of the IRQ stack where the interrupted task stack pointer can be saved. After the active stack is switched to the IRQ stack, save the interrupted tasks stack pointer to the reserved location. Fix the stack unwinding code to look for the frame being the top of the IRQ stack and if so get the next frame from the saved location. The existing test does not work with the separate stack since the ra is no longer pointed at ret_from_{irq,exception}. The test to stop unwinding the stack 32 bytes from the top of a stack must be modified to allow unwinding to continue up to the location of the saved task stack pointer when on the IRQ stack. The low / high marks of the stack are set depending on whether the sp is on an irq stack or not. Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com> Cc: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com> Cc: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: Masanari Iida <standby24x7@gmail.com> Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> Cc: Jason A. Donenfeld <jason@zx2c4.com> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/15788/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <alexander.levin@verizon.com> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-04-18MIPS: Stack unwinding while on IRQ stackMatt Redfearn1-1/+14
commit d42d8d106b0275b027c1e8992c42aecf933436ea upstream. Within unwind stack, check if the stack pointer being unwound is within the CPU's irq_stack and if so use that page rather than the task's stack page. Signed-off-by: Matt Redfearn <matt.redfearn@imgtec.com> Acked-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <jason@zx2c4.com> Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de> Cc: Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com> Cc: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@imgtec.com> Cc: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: Chris Metcalf <cmetcalf@mellanox.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Jiri Slaby <jslaby@suse.cz> Cc: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14741/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Amit Pundir <amit.pundir@linaro.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Handle microMIPS jumps in the same way as MIPS32/MIPS64 jumpsPaul Burton1-0/+2
commit 096a0de427ea333f56f0ee00328cff2a2731bcf1 upstream. is_jump_ins() checks for plain jump ("j") instructions since commit e7438c4b893e ("MIPS: Fix sibling call handling in get_frame_info") but that commit didn't make the same change to the microMIPS code, leaving it inconsistent with the MIPS32/MIPS64 code. Handle the microMIPS encoding of the jump instruction too such that it behaves consistently. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: e7438c4b893e ("MIPS: Fix sibling call handling in get_frame_info") Cc: Tony Wu <tung7970@gmail.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14533/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Calculate microMIPS ra properly when unwinding the stackPaul Burton1-20/+63
commit bb9bc4689b9c635714fbcd5d335bad9934a7ebfc upstream. get_frame_info() calculates the offset of the return address within a stack frame simply by dividing a the bottom 16 bits of the instruction, treated as a signed integer, by the size of a long. Whilst this works for MIPS32 & MIPS64 ISAs where the sw or sd instructions are used, it's incorrect for microMIPS where encodings differ. The result is that we typically completely fail to unwind the stack on microMIPS. Fix this by adjusting is_ra_save_ins() to calculate the return address offset, and take into account the various different encodings there in the same place as we consider whether an instruction is storing the ra/$31 register. With this we are now able to unwind the stack for kernels targetting the microMIPS ISA, for example we can produce: Call Trace: [<80109e1f>] show_stack+0x63/0x7c [<8011ea17>] __warn+0x9b/0xac [<8011ea45>] warn_slowpath_fmt+0x1d/0x20 [<8013fe53>] register_console+0x43/0x314 [<8067c58d>] of_setup_earlycon+0x1dd/0x1ec [<8067f63f>] early_init_dt_scan_chosen_stdout+0xe7/0xf8 [<8066c115>] do_early_param+0x75/0xac [<801302f9>] parse_args+0x1dd/0x308 [<8066c459>] parse_early_options+0x25/0x28 [<8066c48b>] parse_early_param+0x2f/0x38 [<8066e8cf>] setup_arch+0x113/0x488 [<8066c4f3>] start_kernel+0x57/0x328 ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- Whereas previously we only produced: Call Trace: [<80109e1f>] show_stack+0x63/0x7c ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]--- Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6 ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <leonid.yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14532/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Fix is_jump_ins() handling of 16b microMIPS instructionsPaul Burton1-3/+8
commit 67c75057709a6d85c681c78b9b2f9b71191f01a2 upstream. is_jump_ins() checks 16b instruction fields without verifying that the instruction is indeed 16b, as is done by is_ra_save_ins() & is_sp_move_ins(). Add the appropriate check. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6 ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <leonid.yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14531/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Fix get_frame_info() handling of microMIPS function sizePaul Burton1-7/+5
commit b6c7a324df37bf05ef7a2c1580683cf10d082d97 upstream. get_frame_info() is meant to iterate over up to the first 128 instructions within a function, but for microMIPS kernels it will not reach that many instructions unless the function is 512 bytes long since we calculate the maximum number of instructions to check by dividing the function length by the 4 byte size of a union mips_instruction. In microMIPS kernels this won't do since instructions are variable length. Fix this by instead checking whether the pointer to the current instruction has reached the end of the function, and use max_insns as a simple constant to check the number of iterations against. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6 ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <leonid.yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14530/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Prevent unaligned accesses during stack unwindingPaul Burton1-35/+35
commit a3552dace7d1d0cabf573e88fc3025cb90c4a601 upstream. During stack unwinding we call a number of functions to determine what type of instruction we're looking at. The union mips_instruction pointer provided to them may be pointing at a 2 byte, but not 4 byte, aligned address & we thus cannot directly access the 4 byte wide members of the union mips_instruction. To avoid this is_ra_save_ins() copies the required half-words of the microMIPS instruction to a correctly aligned union mips_instruction on the stack, which it can then access safely. The is_jump_ins() & is_sp_move_ins() functions do not correctly perform this temporary copy, and instead attempt to directly dereference 4 byte fields which may be misaligned and lead to an address exception. Fix this by copying the instruction halfwords to a temporary union mips_instruction in get_frame_info() such that we can provide a 4 byte aligned union mips_instruction to the is_*_ins() functions and they do not need to deal with misalignment themselves. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6 ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <leonid.yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14529/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2017-03-12MIPS: Clear ISA bit correctly in get_frame_info()Paul Burton1-5/+2
commit ccaf7caf2c73c6db920772bf08bf1d47b2170634 upstream. get_frame_info() can be called in microMIPS kernels with the ISA bit already clear. For example this happens when unwind_stack_by_address() is called because we begin with a PC that has the ISA bit set & subtract the (odd) offset from the preceding symbol (which does not have the ISA bit set). Since get_frame_info() unconditionally subtracts 1 from the PC in microMIPS kernels it incorrectly misaligns the address it then attempts to access code at, leading to an address error exception. Fix this by using msk_isa16_mode() to clear the ISA bit, which allows get_frame_info() to function regardless of whether it is provided with a PC that has the ISA bit set or not. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 34c2f668d0f6 ("MIPS: microMIPS: Add unaligned access support.") Cc: Leonid Yegoshin <leonid.yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14528/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2016-09-30MIPS: Avoid a BUG warning during prctl(PR_SET_FP_MODE, ...)Marcin Nowakowski1-4/+4
commit b244614a60ab7ce54c12a9cbe15cfbf8d79d0967 upstream. cpu_has_fpu macro uses smp_processor_id() and is currently executed with preemption enabled, that triggers the warning at runtime. It is assumed throughout the kernel that if any CPU has an FPU, then all CPUs would have an FPU as well, so it is safe to perform the check with preemption enabled - change the code to use raw_ variant of the check to avoid the warning. Signed-off-by: Marcin Nowakowski <marcin.nowakowski@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/14125/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2016-06-07MIPS: Disable preemption during prctl(PR_SET_FP_MODE, ...)Paul Burton1-0/+4
commit bd239f1e1429e7781096bf3884bdb1b2b1bb4f28 upstream. Whilst a PR_SET_FP_MODE prctl is performed there are decisions made based upon whether the task is executing on the current CPU. This may change if we're preempted, so disable preemption to avoid such changes for the lifetime of the mode switch. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Fixes: 9791554b45a2 ("MIPS,prctl: add PR_[GS]ET_FP_MODE prctl options for MIPS") Reviewed-by: Maciej W. Rozycki <macro@imgtec.com> Tested-by: Aurelien Jarno <aurelien@aurel32.net> Cc: Adam Buchbinder <adam.buchbinder@gmail.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/13144/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2016-06-07MIPS: Don't unwind to user mode with EVAJames Hogan1-1/+1
commit a816b306c62195b7c43c92cb13330821a96bdc27 upstream. When unwinding through IRQs and exceptions, the unwinding only continues if the PC is a kernel text address, however since EVA it is possible for user and kernel address ranges to overlap, potentially allowing unwinding to continue to user mode if the user PC happens to be in the kernel text address range. Adjust the check to also ensure that the register state from before the exception is actually running in kernel mode, i.e. !user_mode(regs). I don't believe any harm can come of this problem, since the PC is only output, the stack pointer is checked to ensure it resides within the task's stack page before it is dereferenced in search of the return address, and the return address register is similarly only output (if the PC is in a leaf function or the beginning of a non-leaf function). However unwind_stack() is only meant for unwinding kernel code, so to be correct the unwind should stop there. Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Reviewed-by: Leonid Yegoshin <Leonid.Yegoshin@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/11700/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
2015-04-20Merge tag 'cpumask-next-for-linus' of ↵Linus Torvalds1-1/+1
git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux Pull final removal of deprecated cpus_* cpumask functions from Rusty Russell: "This is the final removal (after several years!) of the obsolete cpus_* functions, prompted by their mis-use in staging. With these function removed, all cpu functions should only iterate to nr_cpu_ids, so we finally only allocate that many bits when cpumasks are allocated offstack" * tag 'cpumask-next-for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/rusty/linux: (25 commits) cpumask: remove __first_cpu / __next_cpu cpumask: resurrect CPU_MASK_CPU0 linux/cpumask.h: add typechecking to cpumask_test_cpu cpumask: only allocate nr_cpumask_bits. Fix weird uses of num_online_cpus(). cpumask: remove deprecated functions. mips: fix obsolete cpumask_of_cpu usage. x86: fix more deprecated cpu function usage. ia64: remove deprecated cpus_ usage. powerpc: fix deprecated CPU_MASK_CPU0 usage. CPU_MASK_ALL/CPU_MASK_NONE: remove from deprecated region. staging/lustre/o2iblnd: Don't use cpus_weight staging/lustre/libcfs: replace deprecated cpus_ calls with cpumask_ staging/lustre/ptlrpc: Do not use deprecated cpus_* functions blackfin: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. parisc: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. tile: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. arm64: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. mips: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. x86: fix up obsolete cpu function usage. ...
2015-03-24mips: copy_thread(): rename 'arg' argument to 'kthread_arg'Alex Dowad1-2/+8
The 'arg' argument to copy_thread() is only ever used when forking a new kernel thread. Hence, rename it to 'kthread_arg' for clarity (and consistency with do_fork() and other arch-specific implementations of copy_thread()). Signed-off-by: Alex Dowad <alexinbeijing@gmail.com> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Alex Smith <alex@alex-smith.me.uk> Cc: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com> Cc: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Cc: Eunbong Song <eunb.song@samsung.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org (open list:MIPS) Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/9546/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2015-03-05mips: fix up obsolete cpu function usage.Rusty Russell1-1/+1
Thanks to spatch, plus manual removal of "&*". Then a sweep for for_each_cpu_mask => for_each_cpu. Signed-off-by: Rusty Russell <rusty@rustcorp.com.au> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Kevin Cernekee <cernekee@gmail.com> Cc: Florian Fainelli <f.fainelli@gmail.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org
2015-02-21Merge branch 'upstream' of git://git.linux-mips.org/pub/scm/ralf/upstream-linusLinus Torvalds1-0/+96
Pull MIPS updates from Ralf Baechle: "This is the main pull request for MIPS: - a number of fixes that didn't make the 3.19 release. - a number of cleanups. - preliminary support for Cavium's Octeon 3 SOCs which feature up to 48 MIPS64 R3 cores with FPU and hardware virtualization. - support for MIPS R6 processors. Revision 6 of the MIPS architecture is a major revision of the MIPS architecture which does away with many of original sins of the architecture such as branch delay slots. This and other changes in R6 require major changes throughout the entire MIPS core architecture code and make up for the lion share of this pull request. - finally some preparatory work for eXtendend Physical Address support, which allows support of up to 40 bit of physical address space on 32 bit processors" [ Ahh, MIPS can't leave the PAE brain damage alone. It's like every CPU architect has to make that mistake, but pee in the snow by changing the TLA. But whether it's called PAE, LPAE or XPA, it's horrid crud - Linus ] * 'upstream' of git://git.linux-mips.org/pub/scm/ralf/upstream-linus: (114 commits) MIPS: sead3: Corrected get_c0_perfcount_int MIPS: mm: Remove dead macro definitions MIPS: OCTEON: irq: add CIB and other fixes MIPS: OCTEON: Don't do acknowledge operations for level triggered irqs. MIPS: OCTEON: More OCTEONIII support MIPS: OCTEON: Remove setting of processor specific CVMCTL icache bits. MIPS: OCTEON: Core-15169 Workaround and general CVMSEG cleanup. MIPS: OCTEON: Update octeon-model.h code for new SoCs. MIPS: OCTEON: Implement DCache errata workaround for all CN6XXX MIPS: OCTEON: Add little-endian support to asm/octeon/octeon.h MIPS: OCTEON: Implement the core-16057 workaround MIPS: OCTEON: Delete unused COP2 saving code MIPS: OCTEON: Use correct instruction to read 64-bit COP0 register MIPS: OCTEON: Save and restore CP2 SHA3 state MIPS: OCTEON: Fix FP context save. MIPS: OCTEON: Save/Restore wider multiply registers in OCTEON III CPUs MIPS: boot: Provide more uImage options MIPS: Remove unneeded #ifdef __KERNEL__ from asm/processor.h MIPS: ip22-gio: Remove legacy suspend/resume support mips: pci: Add ifdef around pci_proc_domain ...
2015-02-17MIPS: kernel: process: Do not allow FR=0 on MIPS R6Markos Chandras1-0/+4
A prctl() call to set FR=0 for MIPS R6 should not be allowed since FR=1 is the only option for R6 cores. Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Matthew Fortune <matthew.fortune@imgtec.com> Signed-off-by: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com>
2015-02-12MIPS,prctl: add PR_[GS]ET_FP_MODE prctl options for MIPSPaul Burton1-0/+92
Userland code may be built using an ABI which permits linking to objects that have more restrictive floating point requirements. For example, userland code may be built to target the O32 FPXX ABI. Such code may be linked with other FPXX code, or code built for either one of the more restrictive FP32 or FP64. When linking with more restrictive code, the overall requirement of the process becomes that of the more restrictive code. The kernel has no way to know in advance which mode the process will need to be executed in, and indeed it may need to change during execution. The dynamic loader is the only code which will know the overall required mode, and so it needs to have a means to instruct the kernel to switch the FP mode of the process. This patch introduces 2 new options to the prctl syscall which provide such a capability. The FP mode of the process is represented as a simple bitmask combining a number of mode bits mirroring those present in the hardware. Userland can either retrieve the current FP mode of the process: mode = prctl(PR_GET_FP_MODE); or modify the current FP mode of the process: err = prctl(PR_SET_FP_MODE, new_mode); Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: Matthew Fortune <matthew.fortune@imgtec.com> Cc: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/8899/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2015-01-31MIPS: fork: Fix MSA/FPU/DSP context duplication raceJames Hogan1-12/+24
There is a race in the MIPS fork code which allows the child to get a stale copy of parent MSA/FPU/DSP state that is active in hardware registers when the fork() is called. This is because copy_thread() saves the live register state into the child context only if the hardware is currently in use, apparently on the assumption that the hardware state cannot have been saved and disabled since the initial duplication of the task_struct. However preemption is certainly possible during this window. An example sequence of events is as follows: 1) The parent userland process puts important data into saved floating point registers ($f20-$f31), which are then dirty compared to the process' stored context. 2) The parent process calls fork() which does a clone system call. 3) In the kernel, do_fork() -> copy_process() -> dup_task_struct() -> arch_dup_task_struct() (which uses the weakly defined default implementation). This duplicates the parent process' task context, which includes a stale version of its FP context from when it was last saved, probably some time before (1). 4) At some point before copy_process() calls copy_thread(), such as when duplicating the memory map, the process is desceduled. Perhaps it is preempted asynchronously, or perhaps it sleeps while blocked on a mutex. The dirty FP state in the FP registers is saved to the parent process' context and the FPU is disabled. 5) When the process is rescheduled again it continues copying state until it gets to copy_thread(), which checks whether the FPU is in use, so that it can copy that dirty state to the child process' task context. Because of the deschedule however the FPU is not in use, so the child process' context is left with stale FP context from the last time the parent saved it (some time before (1)). 6) When the new child process is scheduled it reads the important data from the saved floating point register, and ends up doing a NULL pointer dereference as a result of the stale data. This use of saved floating point registers across function calls can be triggered fairly easily by explicitly using inline asm with a current (MIPS R2) compiler, but is far more likely to happen unintentionally with a MIPS R6 compiler where the FP registers are more likely to get used as scratch registers for storing non-fp data. It is easily fixed, in the same way that other architectures do it, by overriding the implementation of arch_dup_task_struct() to sync the dirty hardware state to the parent process' task context *prior* to duplicating it, rather than copying straight to the child process' task context in copy_thread(). Note, the FPU hardware is not disabled so the parent process may continue executing with the live register context, but now the child process is guaranteed to have an identical copy of it at that point. Signed-off-by: James Hogan <james.hogan@imgtec.com> Reported-by: Matthew Fortune <matthew.fortune@imgtec.com> Tested-by: Markos Chandras <markos.chandras@imgtec.com> Cc: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/9075/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2014-11-24MIPS: Add arch_trigger_all_cpu_backtrace() functionEunbong Song1-0/+18
Currently, arch_trigger_all_cpu_backtrace() is defined in only x86 and sparc which have an NMI. But in case of softlockup, it could be possible to dump backtrace of all cpus. and this could be helpful for debugging. for example, if system has 2 cpus. CPU 0 CPU 1 acquire read_lock() try to do write_lock() ,,, missing read_unlock() In this case, softlockup will occur becasuse CPU 0 does not call read_unlock(). And dump_stack() print only backtrace for "CPU 0". If CPU1's backtrace is printed it's very helpful. [ralf@linux-mips.org: Fixed whitespace and formatting issues.] Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/8200/
2014-11-24MIPS: Remove useless parenthesesRalf Baechle1-18/+18
Based on the spatch @@ expression e; @@ - return (e); + return e; with heavy hand editing because some of the changes are either whitespace or identation only or result in excessivly long lines. Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2014-08-02MIPS: consistently clear MSA flags when starting & copying threadsPaul Burton1-0/+3
The TIF_MSA_CTX_LIVE flag (indicating that a task has MSA context which needs to be preserved) was being cleared in start_thread, but the TIF_USEDMSA flag (indicating that a task has used MSA in this timeslice) was not. In copy_thread neither flag was cleared, but both need to be. Without clearing these flags the kernel will proceed to attempt to save MSA context when the task is context switched out, and if the task had not used MSA in the meantime then it will fail because MSA or the FPU are disabled. The end result is typically: do_cpu invoked from kernel context![#1]: CPU: 0 PID: 99 Comm: sh Not tainted 3.16.0-rc4-00025-g6dc9476-dirty #88 task: 8f23dc60 ti: 8f1d8000 task.ti: 8f1d8000 ... Call Trace: [<8010edbc>] resume+0x5c/0x280 [<80481e0c>] __schedule+0x370/0x800 [<80104838>] work_resched+0x8/0x2c Fix by consistently clearing both flags in both functions. Signed-off-by: Paul Burton <paul.burton@imgtec.com> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/7309/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2014-08-02MIPS: Remove asm/user.hAlex Smith1-1/+1
The struct user definition in this file is not used anywhere (the ELF core dumper does not use that format). Therefore, remove the header and instead enable the asm-generic user.h which is an empty header to satisfy a few generic headers which still try to include user.h. Signed-off-by: Alex Smith <alex@alex-smith.me.uk> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/7459/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2014-08-02MIPS: Remove old core dump functionsAlex Smith1-55/+0
Since the core dumper now uses regsets, the old core dump functions are now unused. Remove them. Signed-off-by: Alex Smith <alex@alex-smith.me.uk> Cc: linux-mips@linux-mips.org Patchwork: https://patchwork.linux-mips.org/patch/7456/ Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>
2014-05-24MIPS: MT: Remove SMTC supportRalf Baechle1-7/+0
Nobody is maintaining SMTC anymore and there also seems to be no userbase. Which is a pity - the SMTC technology primarily developed by Kevin D. Kissell <kevink@paralogos.com> is an ingenious demonstration for the MT ASE's power and elegance. Based on Markos Chandras <Ma