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Disallow creating read-only memslots that support GUEST_MEMFD, as
GUEST_MEMFD is fundamentally incompatible with KVM's semantics for
read-only memslots. Read-only memslots allow the userspace VMM to emulate
option ROMs by filling the backing memory with readable, executable code
and data, while triggering emulated MMIO on writes. GUEST_MEMFD doesn't
currently support writes from userspace and KVM doesn't support emulated
MMIO on private accesses, i.e. the guest can only ever read zeros, and
writes will always be treated as errors.
Cc: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Cc: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
Cc: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@gmail.com>
Cc: Yu Zhang <yu.c.zhang@linux.intel.com>
Cc: Chao Peng <chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com>
Fixes: a7800aa80ea4 ("KVM: Add KVM_CREATE_GUEST_MEMFD ioctl() for guest-specific backing memory")
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20240222190612.2942589-2-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
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Pull kvm updates from Paolo Bonzini:
"Generic:
- Use memdup_array_user() to harden against overflow.
- Unconditionally advertise KVM_CAP_DEVICE_CTRL for all
architectures.
- Clean up Kconfigs that all KVM architectures were selecting
- New functionality around "guest_memfd", a new userspace API that
creates an anonymous file and returns a file descriptor that refers
to it. guest_memfd files are bound to their owning virtual machine,
cannot be mapped, read, or written by userspace, and cannot be
resized. guest_memfd files do however support PUNCH_HOLE, which can
be used to switch a memory area between guest_memfd and regular
anonymous memory.
- New ioctl KVM_SET_MEMORY_ATTRIBUTES allowing userspace to specify
per-page attributes for a given page of guest memory; right now the
only attribute is whether the guest expects to access memory via
guest_memfd or not, which in Confidential SVMs backed by SEV-SNP,
TDX or ARM64 pKVM is checked by firmware or hypervisor that
guarantees confidentiality (AMD PSP, Intel TDX module, or EL2 in
the case of pKVM).
x86:
- Support for "software-protected VMs" that can use the new
guest_memfd and page attributes infrastructure. This is mostly
useful for testing, since there is no pKVM-like infrastructure to
provide a meaningfully reduced TCB.
- Fix a relatively benign off-by-one error when splitting huge pages
during CLEAR_DIRTY_LOG.
- Fix a bug where KVM could incorrectly test-and-clear dirty bits in
non-leaf TDP MMU SPTEs if a racing thread replaces a huge SPTE with
a non-huge SPTE.
- Use more generic lockdep assertions in paths that don't actually
care about whether the caller is a reader or a writer.
- let Xen guests opt out of having PV clock reported as "based on a
stable TSC", because some of them don't expect the "TSC stable" bit
(added to the pvclock ABI by KVM, but never set by Xen) to be set.
- Revert a bogus, made-up nested SVM consistency check for
TLB_CONTROL.
- Advertise flush-by-ASID support for nSVM unconditionally, as KVM
always flushes on nested transitions, i.e. always satisfies flush
requests. This allows running bleeding edge versions of VMware
Workstation on top of KVM.
- Sanity check that the CPU supports flush-by-ASID when enabling SEV
support.
- On AMD machines with vNMI, always rely on hardware instead of
intercepting IRET in some cases to detect unmasking of NMIs
- Support for virtualizing Linear Address Masking (LAM)
- Fix a variety of vPMU bugs where KVM fail to stop/reset counters
and other state prior to refreshing the vPMU model.
- Fix a double-overflow PMU bug by tracking emulated counter events
using a dedicated field instead of snapshotting the "previous"
counter. If the hardware PMC count triggers overflow that is
recognized in the same VM-Exit that KVM manually bumps an event
count, KVM would pend PMIs for both the hardware-triggered overflow
and for KVM-triggered overflow.
- Turn off KVM_WERROR by default for all configs so that it's not
inadvertantly enabled by non-KVM developers, which can be
problematic for subsystems that require no regressions for W=1
builds.
- Advertise all of the host-supported CPUID bits that enumerate
IA32_SPEC_CTRL "features".
- Don't force a masterclock update when a vCPU synchronizes to the
current TSC generation, as updating the masterclock can cause
kvmclock's time to "jump" unexpectedly, e.g. when userspace
hotplugs a pre-created vCPU.
- Use RIP-relative address to read kvm_rebooting in the VM-Enter
fault paths, partly as a super minor optimization, but mostly to
make KVM play nice with position independent executable builds.
- Guard KVM-on-HyperV's range-based TLB flush hooks with an #ifdef on
CONFIG_HYPERV as a minor optimization, and to self-document the
code.
- Add CONFIG_KVM_HYPERV to allow disabling KVM support for HyperV
"emulation" at build time.
ARM64:
- LPA2 support, adding 52bit IPA/PA capability for 4kB and 16kB base
granule sizes. Branch shared with the arm64 tree.
- Large Fine-Grained Trap rework, bringing some sanity to the
feature, although there is more to come. This comes with a prefix
branch shared with the arm64 tree.
- Some additional Nested Virtualization groundwork, mostly
introducing the NV2 VNCR support and retargetting the NV support to
that version of the architecture.
- A small set of vgic fixes and associated cleanups.
Loongarch:
- Optimization for memslot hugepage checking
- Cleanup and fix some HW/SW timer issues
- Add LSX/LASX (128bit/256bit SIMD) support
RISC-V:
- KVM_GET_REG_LIST improvement for vector registers
- Generate ISA extension reg_list using macros in get-reg-list
selftest
- Support for reporting steal time along with selftest
s390:
- Bugfixes
Selftests:
- Fix an annoying goof where the NX hugepage test prints out garbage
instead of the magic token needed to run the test.
- Fix build errors when a header is delete/moved due to a missing
flag in the Makefile.
- Detect if KVM bugged/killed a selftest's VM and print out a helpful
message instead of complaining that a random ioctl() failed.
- Annotate the guest printf/assert helpers with __printf(), and fix
the various bugs that were lurking due to lack of said annotation"
* tag 'for-linus' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm: (185 commits)
x86/kvm: Do not try to disable kvmclock if it was not enabled
KVM: x86: add missing "depends on KVM"
KVM: fix direction of dependency on MMU notifiers
KVM: introduce CONFIG_KVM_COMMON
KVM: arm64: Add missing memory barriers when switching to pKVM's hyp pgd
KVM: arm64: vgic-its: Avoid potential UAF in LPI translation cache
RISC-V: KVM: selftests: Add get-reg-list test for STA registers
RISC-V: KVM: selftests: Add steal_time test support
RISC-V: KVM: selftests: Add guest_sbi_probe_extension
RISC-V: KVM: selftests: Move sbi_ecall to processor.c
RISC-V: KVM: Implement SBI STA extension
RISC-V: KVM: Add support for SBI STA registers
RISC-V: KVM: Add support for SBI extension registers
RISC-V: KVM: Add SBI STA info to vcpu_arch
RISC-V: KVM: Add steal-update vcpu request
RISC-V: KVM: Add SBI STA extension skeleton
RISC-V: paravirt: Implement steal-time support
RISC-V: Add SBI STA extension definitions
RISC-V: paravirt: Add skeleton for pv-time support
RISC-V: KVM: Fix indentation in kvm_riscv_vcpu_set_reg_csr()
...
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs
Pull misc vfs updates from Christian Brauner:
"This contains the usual miscellaneous features, cleanups, and fixes
for vfs and individual fses.
Features:
- Add Jan Kara as VFS reviewer
- Show correct device and inode numbers in proc/<pid>/maps for vma
files on stacked filesystems. This is now easily doable thanks to
the backing file work from the last cycles. This comes with
selftests
Cleanups:
- Remove a redundant might_sleep() from wait_on_inode()
- Initialize pointer with NULL, not 0
- Clarify comment on access_override_creds()
- Rework and simplify eventfd_signal() and eventfd_signal_mask()
helpers
- Process aio completions in batches to avoid needless wakeups
- Completely decouple struct mnt_idmap from namespaces. We now only
keep the actual idmapping around and don't stash references to
namespaces
- Reformat maintainer entries to indicate that a given subsystem
belongs to fs/
- Simplify fput() for files that were never opened
- Get rid of various pointless file helpers
- Rename various file helpers
- Rename struct file members after SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU switch from
last cycle
- Make relatime_need_update() return bool
- Use GFP_KERNEL instead of GFP_USER when allocating superblocks
- Replace deprecated ida_simple_*() calls with their current ida_*()
counterparts
Fixes:
- Fix comments on user namespace id mapping helpers. They aren't
kernel doc comments so they shouldn't be using /**
- s/Retuns/Returns/g in various places
- Add missing parameter documentation on can_move_mount_beneath()
- Rename i_mapping->private_data to i_mapping->i_private_data
- Fix a false-positive lockdep warning in pipe_write() for watch
queues
- Improve __fget_files_rcu() code generation to improve performance
- Only notify writer that pipe resizing has finished after setting
pipe->max_usage otherwise writers are never notified that the pipe
has been resized and hang
- Fix some kernel docs in hfsplus
- s/passs/pass/g in various places
- Fix kernel docs in ntfs
- Fix kcalloc() arguments order reported by gcc 14
- Fix uninitialized value in reiserfs"
* tag 'vfs-6.8.misc' of git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/vfs/vfs: (36 commits)
reiserfs: fix uninit-value in comp_keys
watch_queue: fix kcalloc() arguments order
ntfs: dir.c: fix kernel-doc function parameter warnings
fs: fix doc comment typo fs tree wide
selftests/overlayfs: verify device and inode numbers in /proc/pid/maps
fs/proc: show correct device and inode numbers in /proc/pid/maps
eventfd: Remove usage of the deprecated ida_simple_xx() API
fs: super: use GFP_KERNEL instead of GFP_USER for super block allocation
fs/hfsplus: wrapper.c: fix kernel-doc warnings
fs: add Jan Kara as reviewer
fs/inode: Make relatime_need_update return bool
pipe: wakeup wr_wait after setting max_usage
file: remove __receive_fd()
file: stop exposing receive_fd_user()
fs: replace f_rcuhead with f_task_work
file: remove pointless wrapper
file: s/close_fd_get_file()/file_close_fd()/g
Improve __fget_files_rcu() code generation (and thus __fget_light())
file: massage cleanup of files that failed to open
fs/pipe: Fix lockdep false-positive in watchqueue pipe_write()
...
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Common KVM changes for 6.8:
- Use memdup_array_user() to harden against overflow.
- Unconditionally advertise KVM_CAP_DEVICE_CTRL for all architectures.
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KVM_GENERIC_MEMORY_ATTRIBUTES requires the generic MMU notifier code, because
it uses kvm_mmu_invalidate_begin/end. However, it would not work with a bespoke
implementation of MMU notifiers that does not use KVM_GENERIC_MMU_NOTIFIER,
because most likely it would not synchronize correctly on invalidation. So
the right thing to do is to note the problematic configuration if the
architecture does not select itself KVM_GENERIC_MMU_NOTIFIER; not to
enable it blindly.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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CONFIG_HAVE_KVM is currently used by some architectures to either
enabled the KVM config proper, or to enable host-side code that is
not part of the KVM module. However, CONFIG_KVM's "select" statement
in virt/kvm/Kconfig corresponds to a third meaning, namely to
enable common Kconfigs required by all architectures that support
KVM.
These three meanings can be replaced respectively by an
architecture-specific Kconfig, by IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_KVM), or by
a new Kconfig symbol that is in turn selected by the
architecture-specific "config KVM".
Start by introducing such a new Kconfig symbol, CONFIG_KVM_COMMON.
Unlike CONFIG_HAVE_KVM, it is selected by CONFIG_KVM, not by
architecture code, and it brings in all dependencies of common
KVM code. In particular, INTERVAL_TREE was missing in loongarch
and riscv, so that is another thing that is fixed.
Fixes: 8132d887a702 ("KVM: remove CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_EVENTFD", 2023-12-08)
Reported-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Closes: https://lore.kernel.org/all/44907c6b-c5bd-4e4a-a921-e4d3825539d8@infradead.org/
Reviewed-by: Andrew Jones <ajones@ventanamicro.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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KVM/riscv changes for 6.8 part #1
- KVM_GET_REG_LIST improvement for vector registers
- Generate ISA extension reg_list using macros in get-reg-list selftest
- Steal time account support along with selftest
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/chenhuacai/linux-loongson into HEAD
LoongArch KVM changes for v6.8
1. Optimization for memslot hugepage checking.
2. Cleanup and fix some HW/SW timer issues.
3. Add LSX/LASX (128bit/256bit SIMD) support.
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git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/kvmarm/kvmarm into kvm-master
KVM/arm64 fixes for 6.7, part #2
- Ensure a vCPU's redistributor is unregistered from the MMIO bus
if vCPU creation fails
- Fix building KVM selftests for arm64 from the top-level Makefile
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Instead of having a comment indicating the need to hold slots_lock
when calling kvm_io_bus_register_dev(), make it explicit with
a lockdep assertion.
Signed-off-by: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231207151201.3028710-6-maz@kernel.org
Signed-off-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
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Keep all #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_IRQCHIP parts of eventfd.c together, and
compile out the irqfds field of struct kvm if the symbol is not defined.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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The deprecated interfaces were removed 15 years ago. KVM's
device assignment was deprecated in 4.2 and removed 6.5 years
ago; the only interest might be in compiling ancient versions
of QEMU, but QEMU has been using its own imported copy of the
kernel headers since June 2011. So again we go into archaeology
territory; just remove the cruft.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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All platforms with a kernel irqchip have support for irqfd. Unify the
two configuration items so that userspace can expect to use irqfd to
inject interrupts into the irqchip.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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virt/kvm/eventfd.c is compiled unconditionally, meaning that the ioeventfds
member of struct kvm is accessed unconditionally. CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_EVENTFD
therefore must be defined for KVM common code to compile successfully,
remove it.
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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With migration disabled, one function becomes unused:
virt/kvm/guest_memfd.c:262:12: error: 'kvm_gmem_migrate_folio' defined but not used [-Werror=unused-function]
262 | static int kvm_gmem_migrate_folio(struct address_space *mapping,
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Remove the #ifdef around the reference so that fallback_migrate_folio()
is never used. The gmem implementation of the hook is trivial; since
the gmem mapping is unmovable, the pages should not be migrated anyway.
Fixes: a7800aa80ea4 ("KVM: Add KVM_CREATE_GUEST_MEMFD ioctl() for guest-specific backing memory")
Reported-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Suggested-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Revert KVM's misguided attempt to "fix" a use-after-module-unload bug that
was actually due to failure to flush a workqueue, not a lack of module
refcounting. Pinning the KVM module until kvm_vm_destroy() doesn't
prevent use-after-free due to the module being unloaded, as userspace can
invoke delete_module() the instant the last reference to KVM is put, i.e.
can cause all KVM code to be unmapped while KVM is actively executing said
code.
Generally speaking, the many instances of module_put(THIS_MODULE)
notwithstanding, outside of a few special paths, a module can never safely
put the last reference to itself without creating deadlock, i.e. something
external to the module *must* put the last reference. In other words,
having VMs grab a reference to the KVM module is futile, pointless, and as
evidenced by the now-reverted commit 70375c2d8fa3 ("Revert "KVM: set owner
of cpu and vm file operations""), actively dangerous.
This reverts commit 405294f29faee5de8c10cb9d4a90e229c2835279 and commit
5f6de5cbebee925a612856fce6f9182bb3eee0db.
Fixes: 405294f29fae ("KVM: Unconditionally get a ref to /dev/kvm module when creating a VM")
Fixes: 5f6de5cbebee ("KVM: Prevent module exit until all VMs are freed")
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231018204624.1905300-4-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
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Set .owner for all KVM-owned filed types so that the KVM module is pinned
until any files with callbacks back into KVM are completely freed. Using
"struct kvm" as a proxy for the module, i.e. keeping KVM-the-module alive
while there are active VMs, doesn't provide full protection.
Userspace can invoke delete_module() the instant the last reference to KVM
is put. If KVM itself puts the last reference, e.g. via kvm_destroy_vm(),
then it's possible for KVM to be preempted and deleted/unloaded before KVM
fully exits, e.g. when the task running kvm_destroy_vm() is scheduled back
in, it will jump to a code page that is no longer mapped.
Note, file types that can call into sub-module code, e.g. kvm-intel.ko or
kvm-amd.ko on x86, must use the module pointer passed to kvm_init(), not
THIS_MODULE (which points at kvm.ko). KVM assumes that if /dev/kvm is
reachable, e.g. VMs are active, then the vendor module is loaded.
To reduce the probability of forgetting to set .owner entirely, use
THIS_MODULE for stats files where KVM does not call back into vendor code.
This reverts commit 70375c2d8fa3fb9b0b59207a9c5df1e2e1205c10, and fixes
several other file types that have been buggy since their introduction.
Fixes: 70375c2d8fa3 ("Revert "KVM: set owner of cpu and vm file operations"")
Fixes: 3bcd0662d66f ("KVM: X86: Introduce mmu_rmaps_stat per-vm debugfs file")
Reported-by: Al Viro <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20231010003746.GN800259@ZenIV
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231018204624.1905300-2-seanjc@google.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
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kvm_main.c utilizes vmemdup_user() and array_size() to copy a userspace
array. Currently, this does not check for an overflow.
Use the new wrapper vmemdup_array_user() to copy the array more safely.
Note, KVM explicitly checks the number of entries before duplicating the
array, i.e. adding the overflow check should be a glorified nop.
Suggested-by: Dave Airlie <airlied@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Philipp Stanner <pstanner@redhat.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231102181526.43279-4-pstanner@redhat.com
[sean: call out that KVM pre-checks the number of entries]
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
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KVM_CAP_DEVICE_CTRL allows userspace to check if the kvm_device
framework (e.g. KVM_CREATE_DEVICE) is supported by KVM. Move
KVM_CAP_DEVICE_CTRL to the generic check for the two reasons:
1) it already supports arch agnostic usages (i.e. KVM_DEV_TYPE_VFIO).
For example, userspace VFIO implementation may needs to create
KVM_DEV_TYPE_VFIO on x86, riscv, or arm etc. It is simpler to have it
checked at the generic code than at each arch's code.
2) KVM_CREATE_DEVICE has been added to the generic code.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221215115207.14784-1-wei.w.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Wei Wang <wei.w.wang@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Acked-by: Anup Patel <anup@brainfault.org> (riscv)
Reviewed-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Acked-by: Michael Ellerman <mpe@ellerman.id.au> (powerpc)
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20230315101606.10636-1-wei.w.wang@intel.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
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Ever since the eventfd type was introduced back in 2007 in commit
e1ad7468c77d ("signal/timer/event: eventfd core") the eventfd_signal()
function only ever passed 1 as a value for @n. There's no point in
keeping that additional argument.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20231122-vfs-eventfd-signal-v2-2-bd549b14ce0c@kernel.org
Acked-by: Xu Yilun <yilun.xu@intel.com>
Acked-by: Andrew Donnellan <ajd@linux.ibm.com> # ocxl
Acked-by: Eric Farman <farman@linux.ibm.com> # s390
Reviewed-by: Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>
Reviewed-by: Jens Axboe <axboe@kernel.dk>
Signed-off-by: Christian Brauner <brauner@kernel.org>
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Introduce several new KVM uAPIs to ultimately create a guest-first memory
subsystem within KVM, a.k.a. guest_memfd. Guest-first memory allows KVM
to provide features, enhancements, and optimizations that are kludgly
or outright impossible to implement in a generic memory subsystem.
The core KVM ioctl() for guest_memfd is KVM_CREATE_GUEST_MEMFD, which
similar to the generic memfd_create(), creates an anonymous file and
returns a file descriptor that refers to it. Again like "regular"
memfd files, guest_memfd files live in RAM, have volatile storage,
and are automatically released when the last reference is dropped.
The key differences between memfd files (and every other memory subystem)
is that guest_memfd files are bound to their owning virtual machine,
cannot be mapped, read, or written by userspace, and cannot be resized.
guest_memfd files do however support PUNCH_HOLE, which can be used to
convert a guest memory area between the shared and guest-private states.
A second KVM ioctl(), KVM_SET_MEMORY_ATTRIBUTES, allows userspace to
specify attributes for a given page of guest memory. In the long term,
it will likely be extended to allow userspace to specify per-gfn RWX
protections, including allowing memory to be writable in the guest
without it also being writable in host userspace.
The immediate and driving use case for guest_memfd are Confidential
(CoCo) VMs, specifically AMD's SEV-SNP, Intel's TDX, and KVM's own pKVM.
For such use cases, being able to map memory into KVM guests without
requiring said memory to be mapped into the host is a hard requirement.
While SEV+ and TDX prevent untrusted software from reading guest private
data by encrypting guest memory, pKVM provides confidentiality and
integrity *without* relying on memory encryption. In addition, with
SEV-SNP and especially TDX, accessing guest private memory can be fatal
to the host, i.e. KVM must be prevent host userspace from accessing
guest memory irrespective of hardware behavior.
Long term, guest_memfd may be useful for use cases beyond CoCo VMs,
for example hardening userspace against unintentional accesses to guest
memory. As mentioned earlier, KVM's ABI uses userspace VMA protections to
define the allow guest protection (with an exception granted to mapping
guest memory executable), and similarly KVM currently requires the guest
mapping size to be a strict subset of the host userspace mapping size.
Decoupling the mappings sizes would allow userspace to precisely map
only what is needed and with the required permissions, without impacting
guest performance.
A guest-first memory subsystem also provides clearer line of sight to
things like a dedicated memory pool (for slice-of-hardware VMs) and
elimination of "struct page" (for offload setups where userspace _never_
needs to DMA from or into guest memory).
guest_memfd is the result of 3+ years of development and exploration;
taking on memory management responsibilities in KVM was not the first,
second, or even third choice for supporting CoCo VMs. But after many
failed attempts to avoid KVM-specific backing memory, and looking at
where things ended up, it is quite clear that of all approaches tried,
guest_memfd is the simplest, most robust, and most extensible, and the
right thing to do for KVM and the kernel at-large.
The "development cycle" for this version is going to be very short;
ideally, next week I will merge it as is in kvm/next, taking this through
the KVM tree for 6.8 immediately after the end of the merge window.
The series is still based on 6.6 (plus KVM changes for 6.7) so it
will require a small fixup for changes to get_file_rcu() introduced in
6.7 by commit 0ede61d8589c ("file: convert to SLAB_TYPESAFE_BY_RCU").
The fixup will be done as part of the merge commit, and most of the text
above will become the commit message for the merge.
Pending post-merge work includes:
- hugepage support
- looking into using the restrictedmem framework for guest memory
- introducing a testing mechanism to poison memory, possibly using
the same memory attributes introduced here
- SNP and TDX support
There are two non-KVM patches buried in the middle of this series:
fs: Rename anon_inode_getfile_secure() and anon_inode_getfd_secure()
mm: Add AS_UNMOVABLE to mark mapping as completely unmovable
The first is small and mostly suggested-by Christian Brauner; the second
a bit less so but it was written by an mm person (Vlastimil Babka).
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Add a new x86 VM type, KVM_X86_SW_PROTECTED_VM, to serve as a development
and testing vehicle for Confidential (CoCo) VMs, and potentially to even
become a "real" product in the distant future, e.g. a la pKVM.
The private memory support in KVM x86 is aimed at AMD's SEV-SNP and
Intel's TDX, but those technologies are extremely complex (understatement),
difficult to debug, don't support running as nested guests, and require
hardware that's isn't universally accessible. I.e. relying SEV-SNP or TDX
for maintaining guest private memory isn't a realistic option.
At the very least, KVM_X86_SW_PROTECTED_VM will enable a variety of
selftests for guest_memfd and private memory support without requiring
unique hardware.
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-24-seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Let x86 track the number of address spaces on a per-VM basis so that KVM
can disallow SMM memslots for confidential VMs. Confidentials VMs are
fundamentally incompatible with emulating SMM, which as the name suggests
requires being able to read and write guest memory and register state.
Disallowing SMM will simplify support for guest private memory, as KVM
will not need to worry about tracking memory attributes for multiple
address spaces (SMM is the only "non-default" address space across all
architectures).
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-23-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Introduce an ioctl(), KVM_CREATE_GUEST_MEMFD, to allow creating file-based
memory that is tied to a specific KVM virtual machine and whose primary
purpose is to serve guest memory.
A guest-first memory subsystem allows for optimizations and enhancements
that are kludgy or outright infeasible to implement/support in a generic
memory subsystem. With guest_memfd, guest protections and mapping sizes
are fully decoupled from host userspace mappings. E.g. KVM currently
doesn't support mapping memory as writable in the guest without it also
being writable in host userspace, as KVM's ABI uses VMA protections to
define the allow guest protection. Userspace can fudge this by
establishing two mappings, a writable mapping for the guest and readable
one for itself, but that’s suboptimal on multiple fronts.
Similarly, KVM currently requires the guest mapping size to be a strict
subset of the host userspace mapping size, e.g. KVM doesn’t support
creating a 1GiB guest mapping unless userspace also has a 1GiB guest
mapping. Decoupling the mappings sizes would allow userspace to precisely
map only what is needed without impacting guest performance, e.g. to
harden against unintentional accesses to guest memory.
Decoupling guest and userspace mappings may also allow for a cleaner
alternative to high-granularity mappings for HugeTLB, which has reached a
bit of an impasse and is unlikely to ever be merged.
A guest-first memory subsystem also provides clearer line of sight to
things like a dedicated memory pool (for slice-of-hardware VMs) and
elimination of "struct page" (for offload setups where userspace _never_
needs to mmap() guest memory).
More immediately, being able to map memory into KVM guests without mapping
said memory into the host is critical for Confidential VMs (CoCo VMs), the
initial use case for guest_memfd. While AMD's SEV and Intel's TDX prevent
untrusted software from reading guest private data by encrypting guest
memory with a key that isn't usable by the untrusted host, projects such
as Protected KVM (pKVM) provide confidentiality and integrity *without*
relying on memory encryption. And with SEV-SNP and TDX, accessing guest
private memory can be fatal to the host, i.e. KVM must be prevent host
userspace from accessing guest memory irrespective of hardware behavior.
Attempt #1 to support CoCo VMs was to add a VMA flag to mark memory as
being mappable only by KVM (or a similarly enlightened kernel subsystem).
That approach was abandoned largely due to it needing to play games with
PROT_NONE to prevent userspace from accessing guest memory.
Attempt #2 to was to usurp PG_hwpoison to prevent the host from mapping
guest private memory into userspace, but that approach failed to meet
several requirements for software-based CoCo VMs, e.g. pKVM, as the kernel
wouldn't easily be able to enforce a 1:1 page:guest association, let alone
a 1:1 pfn:gfn mapping. And using PG_hwpoison does not work for memory
that isn't backed by 'struct page', e.g. if devices gain support for
exposing encrypted memory regions to guests.
Attempt #3 was to extend the memfd() syscall and wrap shmem to provide
dedicated file-based guest memory. That approach made it as far as v10
before feedback from Hugh Dickins and Christian Brauner (and others) led
to it demise.
Hugh's objection was that piggybacking shmem made no sense for KVM's use
case as KVM didn't actually *want* the features provided by shmem. I.e.
KVM was using memfd() and shmem to avoid having to manage memory directly,
not because memfd() and shmem were the optimal solution, e.g. things like
read/write/mmap in shmem were dead weight.
Christian pointed out flaws with implementing a partial overlay (wrapping
only _some_ of shmem), e.g. poking at inode_operations or super_operations
would show shmem stuff, but address_space_operations and file_operations
would show KVM's overlay. Paraphrashing heavily, Christian suggested KVM
stop being lazy and create a proper API.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20201020061859.18385-1-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20210416154106.23721-1-kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20210824005248.200037-1-seanjc@google.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20211111141352.26311-1-chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20221202061347.1070246-1-chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/ff5c5b97-acdf-9745-ebe5-c6609dd6322e@google.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230418-anfallen-irdisch-6993a61be10b@brauner
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/ZEM5Zq8oo+xnApW9@google.com
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/20230306191944.GA15773@monkey
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/ZII1p8ZHlHaQ3dDl@casper.infradead.org
Cc: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Cc: Vishal Annapurve <vannapurve@google.com>
Cc: Ackerley Tng <ackerleytng@google.com>
Cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko@kernel.org>
Cc: Maciej Szmigiero <mail@maciej.szmigiero.name>
Cc: Vlastimil Babka <vbabka@suse.cz>
Cc: David Hildenbrand <david@redhat.com>
Cc: Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com>
Cc: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
Cc: Wang <wei.w.wang@intel.com>
Cc: Liam Merwick <liam.merwick@oracle.com>
Cc: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@gmail.com>
Co-developed-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Kirill A. Shutemov <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Yu Zhang <yu.c.zhang@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Yu Zhang <yu.c.zhang@linux.intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Chao Peng <chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Chao Peng <chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Ackerley Tng <ackerleytng@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Ackerley Tng <ackerleytng@google.com>
Co-developed-by: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Co-developed-by: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-17-seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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In confidential computing usages, whether a page is private or shared is
necessary information for KVM to perform operations like page fault
handling, page zapping etc. There are other potential use cases for
per-page memory attributes, e.g. to make memory read-only (or no-exec,
or exec-only, etc.) without having to modify memslots.
Introduce the KVM_SET_MEMORY_ATTRIBUTES ioctl, advertised by
KVM_CAP_MEMORY_ATTRIBUTES, to allow userspace to set the per-page memory
attributes to a guest memory range.
Use an xarray to store the per-page attributes internally, with a naive,
not fully optimized implementation, i.e. prioritize correctness over
performance for the initial implementation.
Use bit 3 for the PRIVATE attribute so that KVM can use bits 0-2 for RWX
attributes/protections in the future, e.g. to give userspace fine-grained
control over read, write, and execute protections for guest memory.
Provide arch hooks for handling attribute changes before and after common
code sets the new attributes, e.g. x86 will use the "pre" hook to zap all
relevant mappings, and the "post" hook to track whether or not hugepages
can be used to map the range.
To simplify the implementation wrap the entire sequence with
kvm_mmu_invalidate_{begin,end}() even though the operation isn't strictly
guaranteed to be an invalidation. For the initial use case, x86 *will*
always invalidate memory, and preventing arch code from creating new
mappings while the attributes are in flux makes it much easier to reason
about the correctness of consuming attributes.
It's possible that future usages may not require an invalidation, e.g.
if KVM ends up supporting RWX protections and userspace grants _more_
protections, but again opt for simplicity and punt optimizations to
if/when they are needed.
Suggested-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/Y2WB48kD0J4VGynX@google.com
Cc: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Cc: Xu Yilun <yilun.xu@intel.com>
Cc: Mickaël Salaün <mic@digikod.net>
Signed-off-by: Chao Peng <chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-14-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Drop the .on_unlock() mmu_notifer hook now that it's no longer used for
notifying arch code that memory has been reclaimed. Adding .on_unlock()
and invoking it *after* dropping mmu_lock was a terrible idea, as doing so
resulted in .on_lock() and .on_unlock() having divergent and asymmetric
behavior, and set future developers up for failure, i.e. all but asked for
bugs where KVM relied on using .on_unlock() to try to run a callback while
holding mmu_lock.
Opportunistically add a lockdep assertion in kvm_mmu_invalidate_end() to
guard against future bugs of this nature.
Reported-by: Isaku Yamahata <isaku.yamahata@intel.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20230802203119.GB2021422@ls.amr.corp.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-12-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Handle AMD SEV's kvm_arch_guest_memory_reclaimed() hook by having
__kvm_handle_hva_range() return whether or not an overlapping memslot
was found, i.e. mmu_lock was acquired. Using the .on_unlock() hook
works, but kvm_arch_guest_memory_reclaimed() needs to run after dropping
mmu_lock, which makes .on_lock() and .on_unlock() asymmetrical.
Use a small struct to return the tuple of the notifier-specific return,
plus whether or not overlap was found. Because the iteration helpers are
__always_inlined, practically speaking, the struct will never actually be
returned from a function call (not to mention the size of the struct will
be two bytes in practice).
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-11-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Introduce a "version 2" of KVM_SET_USER_MEMORY_REGION so that additional
information can be supplied without setting userspace up to fail. The
padding in the new kvm_userspace_memory_region2 structure will be used to
pass a file descriptor in addition to the userspace_addr, i.e. allow
userspace to point at a file descriptor and map memory into a guest that
is NOT mapped into host userspace.
Alternatively, KVM could simply add "struct kvm_userspace_memory_region2"
without a new ioctl(), but as Paolo pointed out, adding a new ioctl()
makes detection of bad flags a bit more robust, e.g. if the new fd field
is guarded only by a flag and not a new ioctl(), then a userspace bug
(setting a "bad" flag) would generate out-of-bounds access instead of an
-EINVAL error.
Cc: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko@kernel.org>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-9-seanjc@google.com>
Acked-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Convert KVM_ARCH_WANT_MMU_NOTIFIER into a Kconfig and select it where
appropriate to effectively maintain existing behavior. Using a proper
Kconfig will simplify building more functionality on top of KVM's
mmu_notifier infrastructure.
Add a forward declaration of kvm_gfn_range to kvm_types.h so that
including arch/powerpc/include/asm/kvm_ppc.h's with CONFIG_KVM=n doesn't
generate warnings due to kvm_gfn_range being undeclared. PPC defines
hooks for PR vs. HV without guarding them via #ifdeffery, e.g.
bool (*unmap_gfn_range)(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_gfn_range *range);
bool (*age_gfn)(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_gfn_range *range);
bool (*test_age_gfn)(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_gfn_range *range);
bool (*set_spte_gfn)(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_gfn_range *range);
Alternatively, PPC could forward declare kvm_gfn_range, but there's no
good reason not to define it in common KVM.
Acked-by: Anup Patel <anup@brainfault.org>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-8-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Add an assertion that there are no in-progress MMU invalidations when a
VM is being destroyed, with the exception of the scenario where KVM
unregisters its MMU notifier between an .invalidate_range_start() call and
the corresponding .invalidate_range_end().
KVM can't detect unpaired calls from the mmu_notifier due to the above
exception waiver, but the assertion can detect KVM bugs, e.g. such as the
bug that *almost* escaped initial guest_memfd development.
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/e397d30c-c6af-e68f-d18e-b4e3739c5389@linux.intel.com
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-5-seanjc@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Currently in mmu_notifier invalidate path, hva range is recorded and then
checked against by mmu_invalidate_retry_hva() in the page fault handling
path. However, for the soon-to-be-introduced private memory, a page fault
may not have a hva associated, checking gfn(gpa) makes more sense.
For existing hva based shared memory, gfn is expected to also work. The
only downside is when aliasing multiple gfns to a single hva, the
current algorithm of checking multiple ranges could result in a much
larger range being rejected. Such aliasing should be uncommon, so the
impact is expected small.
Suggested-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Cc: Xu Yilun <yilun.xu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Chao Peng <chao.p.peng@linux.intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
[sean: convert vmx_set_apic_access_page_addr() to gfn-based API]
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Xu Yilun <yilun.xu@linux.intel.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-4-seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Move the assertion on the in-progress invalidation count from the primary
MMU's notifier path to KVM's common notification path, i.e. assert that
the count doesn't go negative even when the invalidation is coming from
KVM itself.
Opportunistically convert the assertion to a KVM_BUG_ON(), i.e. kill only
the affected VM, not the entire kernel. A corrupted count is fatal to the
VM, e.g. the non-zero (negative) count will cause mmu_invalidate_retry()
to block any and all attempts to install new mappings. But it's far from
guaranteed that an end() without a start() is fatal or even problematic to
anything other than the target VM, e.g. the underlying bug could simply be
a duplicate call to end(). And it's much more likely that a missed
invalidation, i.e. a potential use-after-free, would manifest as no
notification whatsoever, not an end() without a start().
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-3-seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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Rework and rename "struct kvm_hva_range" into "kvm_mmu_notifier_range" so
that the structure can be used to handle notifications that operate on gfn
context, i.e. that aren't tied to a host virtual address. Rename the
handler typedef too (arguably it should always have been gfn_handler_t).
Practically speaking, this is a nop for 64-bit kernels as the only
meaningful change is to store start+end as u64s instead of unsigned longs.
Reviewed-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
Reviewed-by: Xiaoyao Li <xiaoyao.li@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Tested-by: Fuad Tabba <tabba@google.com>
Message-Id: <20231027182217.3615211-2-seanjc@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Kai Huang <kai.huang@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>
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