Merge tag 'rust-6.5' of https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux

Pull rust updates from Miguel Ojeda:
 "A fairly small one in terms of feature additions. Most of the changes
  in terms of lines come from the upgrade to the new version of the
  toolchain (which in turn is big due to the vendored 'alloc' crate).

  Upgrade to Rust 1.68.2:

   - This is the first such upgrade, and we will try to update it often
     from now on, in order to remain close to the latest release, until
     a minimum version (which is "in the future") can be established.

     The upgrade brings the stabilization of 4 features we used (and 2
     more that we used in our old 'rust' branch).

     Commit 3ed03f4da06e ("rust: upgrade to Rust 1.68.2") contains the
     details and rationale.

  pin-init API:

   - Several internal improvements and fixes to the pin-init API, e.g.
     allowing to use 'Self' in a struct definition with '#[pin_data]'.

  'error' module:

   - New 'name()' method for the 'Error' type (with 'errname()'
     integration), used to implement the 'Debug' trait for 'Error'.

   - Add error codes from 'include/linux/errno.h' to the list of Rust
     'Error' constants.

   - Allow specifying error type on the 'Result' type (with the default
     still being our usual 'Error' type).

  'str' module:

   - 'TryFrom' implementation for 'CStr', and new 'to_cstring()' method
     based on it.

  'sync' module:

   - Implement 'AsRef' trait for 'Arc', allowing to use 'Arc' in code
     that is generic over smart pointer types.

   - Add 'ptr_eq' method to 'Arc' for easier, less error prone
     comparison between two 'Arc' pointers.

   - Reword the 'Send' safety comment for 'Arc', and avoid referencing
     it from the 'Sync' one.

  'task' module:

   - Implement 'Send' marker for 'Task'.

  'types' module:

   - Implement 'Send' and 'Sync' markers for 'ARef<T>' when 'T' is
     'AlwaysRefCounted', 'Send' and 'Sync'.

  Other changes:

   - Documentation improvements and '.gitattributes' change to start
     using the Rust diff driver"

* tag 'rust-6.5' of https://github.com/Rust-for-Linux/linux:
  rust: error: `impl Debug` for `Error` with `errname()` integration
  rust: task: add `Send` marker to `Task`
  rust: specify when `ARef` is thread safe
  rust: sync: reword the `Arc` safety comment for `Sync`
  rust: sync: reword the `Arc` safety comment for `Send`
  rust: sync: implement `AsRef<T>` for `Arc<T>`
  rust: sync: add `Arc::ptr_eq`
  rust: error: add missing error codes
  rust: str: add conversion from `CStr` to `CString`
  rust: error: allow specifying error type on `Result`
  rust: init: update macro expansion example in docs
  rust: macros: replace Self with the concrete type in #[pin_data]
  rust: macros: refactor generics parsing of `#[pin_data]` into its own function
  rust: macros: fix usage of `#[allow]` in `quote!`
  docs: rust: point directly to the standalone installers
  .gitattributes: set diff driver for Rust source code files
  rust: upgrade to Rust 1.68.2
  rust: arc: fix intra-doc link in `Arc<T>::init`
  rust: alloc: clarify what is the upstream version

14 files changed, 1264 insertions, 671 deletions

diff --git a/rust/alloc/README.md b/rust/alloc/README.md
index c89c753720b5..eb6f22e94ebf 100644
--- a/rust/alloc/README.md
+++ b/rust/alloc/README.md
@@ -10,6 +10,9 @@ upstream. In general, only additions should be performed (e.g. new
 methods). Eventually, changes should make it into upstream so that,
 at some point, this fork can be dropped from the kernel tree.
 
+The Rust upstream version on top of which these files are based matches
+the output of `scripts/min-tool-version.sh rustc`.
+
 
 ## Rationale
 
diff --git a/rust/alloc/alloc.rs b/rust/alloc/alloc.rs
index ca224a541770..acf22d45e6f2 100644
--- a/rust/alloc/alloc.rs
+++ b/rust/alloc/alloc.rs
@@ -22,21 +22,24 @@ use core::marker::Destruct;
 mod tests;
 
 extern "Rust" {
-    // These are the magic symbols to call the global allocator.  rustc generates
+    // These are the magic symbols to call the global allocator. rustc generates
     // them to call `__rg_alloc` etc. if there is a `#[global_allocator]` attribute
     // (the code expanding that attribute macro generates those functions), or to call
-    // the default implementations in libstd (`__rdl_alloc` etc. in `library/std/src/alloc.rs`)
+    // the default implementations in std (`__rdl_alloc` etc. in `library/std/src/alloc.rs`)
     // otherwise.
-    // The rustc fork of LLVM also special-cases these function names to be able to optimize them
+    // The rustc fork of LLVM 14 and earlier also special-cases these function names to be able to optimize them
     // like `malloc`, `realloc`, and `free`, respectively.
     #[rustc_allocator]
-    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    #[rustc_nounwind]
     fn __rust_alloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
-    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    #[rustc_deallocator]
+    #[rustc_nounwind]
     fn __rust_dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, size: usize, align: usize);
-    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    #[rustc_reallocator]
+    #[rustc_nounwind]
     fn __rust_realloc(ptr: *mut u8, old_size: usize, align: usize, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8;
-    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    #[rustc_allocator_zeroed]
+    #[rustc_nounwind]
     fn __rust_alloc_zeroed(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
 }
 
@@ -72,11 +75,14 @@ pub use std::alloc::Global;
 /// # Examples
 ///
 /// ```
-/// use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, Layout};
+/// use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, handle_alloc_error, Layout};
 ///
 /// unsafe {
 ///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
 ///     let ptr = alloc(layout);
+///     if ptr.is_null() {
+///         handle_alloc_error(layout);
+///     }
 ///
 ///     *(ptr as *mut u16) = 42;
 ///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 42);
@@ -349,7 +355,7 @@ pub(crate) const unsafe fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: ~const Allocator + ~const Dest
 
 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
 extern "Rust" {
-    // This is the magic symbol to call the global alloc error handler.  rustc generates
+    // This is the magic symbol to call the global alloc error handler. rustc generates
     // it to call `__rg_oom` if there is a `#[alloc_error_handler]`, or to call the
     // default implementations below (`__rdl_oom`) otherwise.
     fn __rust_alloc_error_handler(size: usize, align: usize) -> !;
@@ -394,25 +400,24 @@ pub use std::alloc::handle_alloc_error;
 #[allow(unused_attributes)]
 #[unstable(feature = "alloc_internals", issue = "none")]
 pub mod __alloc_error_handler {
-    use crate::alloc::Layout;
-
-    // called via generated `__rust_alloc_error_handler`
-
-    // if there is no `#[alloc_error_handler]`
+    // called via generated `__rust_alloc_error_handler` if there is no
+    // `#[alloc_error_handler]`.
     #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
-    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rdl_oom(size: usize, _align: usize) -> ! {
-        panic!("memory allocation of {size} bytes failed")
-    }
-
-    // if there is an `#[alloc_error_handler]`
-    #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
-    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rg_oom(size: usize, align: usize) -> ! {
-        let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
+    pub unsafe fn __rdl_oom(size: usize, _align: usize) -> ! {
         extern "Rust" {
-            #[lang = "oom"]
-            fn oom_impl(layout: Layout) -> !;
+            // This symbol is emitted by rustc next to __rust_alloc_error_handler.
+            // Its value depends on the -Zoom={panic,abort} compiler option.
+            static __rust_alloc_error_handler_should_panic: u8;
+        }
+
+        #[allow(unused_unsafe)]
+        if unsafe { __rust_alloc_error_handler_should_panic != 0 } {
+            panic!("memory allocation of {size} bytes failed")
+        } else {
+            core::panicking::panic_nounwind_fmt(format_args!(
+                "memory allocation of {size} bytes failed"
+            ))
         }
-        unsafe { oom_impl(layout) }
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/rust/alloc/boxed.rs b/rust/alloc/boxed.rs
index dcfe87b14f3a..14af9860c36c 100644
--- a/rust/alloc/boxed.rs
+++ b/rust/alloc/boxed.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 OR MIT
 
-//! A pointer type for heap allocation.
+//! The `Box<T>` type for heap allocation.
 //!
 //! [`Box<T>`], casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of
 //! heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and
@@ -124,7 +124,21 @@
 //! definition is just using `T*` can lead to undefined behavior, as
 //! described in [rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines#198][ucg#198].
 //!
+//! # Considerations for unsafe code
+//!
+//! **Warning: This section is not normative and is subject to change, possibly
+//! being relaxed in the future! It is a simplified summary of the rules
+//! currently implemented in the compiler.**
+//!
+//! The aliasing rules for `Box<T>` are the same as for `&mut T`. `Box<T>`
+//! asserts uniqueness over its content. Using raw pointers derived from a box
+//! after that box has been mutated through, moved or borrowed as `&mut T`
+//! is not allowed. For more guidance on working with box from unsafe code, see
+//! [rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines#326][ucg#326].
+//!
+//!
 //! [ucg#198]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/198
+//! [ucg#326]: https://github.com/rust-lang/unsafe-code-guidelines/issues/326
 //! [dereferencing]: core::ops::Deref
 //! [`Box::<T>::from_raw(value)`]: Box::from_raw
 //! [`Global`]: crate::alloc::Global
@@ -139,12 +153,14 @@ use core::async_iter::AsyncIterator;
 use core::borrow;
 use core::cmp::Ordering;
 use core::convert::{From, TryFrom};
+use core::error::Error;
 use core::fmt;
 use core::future::Future;
 use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
 use core::iter::FromIterator;
 use core::iter::{FusedIterator, Iterator};
+use core::marker::Tuple;
 use core::marker::{Destruct, Unpin, Unsize};
 use core::mem;
 use core::ops::{
@@ -163,6 +179,8 @@ use crate::raw_vec::RawVec;
 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
 use crate::str::from_boxed_utf8_unchecked;
 #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use crate::string::String;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
 use crate::vec::Vec;
 
 #[cfg(not(no_thin))]
@@ -172,7 +190,7 @@ pub use thin::ThinBox;
 #[cfg(not(no_thin))]
 mod thin;
 
-/// A pointer type for heap allocation.
+/// A pointer type that uniquely owns a heap allocation of type `T`.
 ///
 /// See the [module-level documentation](../../std/boxed/index.html) for more.
 #[lang = "owned_box"]
@@ -196,12 +214,13 @@ impl<T> Box<T> {
     /// ```
     /// let five = Box::new(5);
     /// ```
-    #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+    #[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling)))]
     #[inline(always)]
     #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
     #[must_use]
     pub fn new(x: T) -> Self {
-        box x
+        #[rustc_box]
+        Box::new(x)
     }
 
     /// Constructs a new box with uninitialized contents.
@@ -256,14 +275,21 @@ impl<T> Box<T> {
         Self::new_zeroed_in(Global)
     }
 
-    /// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement `Unpin`, then
+    /// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
     /// `x` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
+    ///
+    /// Constructing and pinning of the `Box` can also be done in two steps: `Box::pin(x)`
+    /// does the same as <code>[Box::into_pin]\([Box::new]\(x))</code>. Consider using
+    /// [`into_pin`](Box::into_pin) if you already have a `Box<T>`, or if you want to
+    /// construct a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
     #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
     #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
     #[must_use]
     #[inline(always)]
     pub fn pin(x: T) -> Pin<Box<T>> {
-        (box x).into()
+        (#[rustc_box]
+        Box::new(x))
+        .into()
     }
 
     /// Allocates memory on the heap then places `x` into it,
@@ -543,8 +569,13 @@ impl<T, A: Allocator> Box<T, A> {
         unsafe { Ok(Box::from_raw_in(ptr.as_ptr(), alloc)) }
     }
 
-    /// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T, A>>`. If `T` does not implement `Unpin`, then
+    /// Constructs a new `Pin<Box<T, A>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
     /// `x` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
+    ///
+    /// Constructing and pinning of the `Box` can also be done in two steps: `Box::pin_in(x, alloc)`
+    /// does the same as <code>[Box::into_pin]\([Box::new_in]\(x, alloc))</code>. Consider using
+    /// [`into_pin`](Box::into_pin) if you already have a `Box<T, A>`, or if you want to
+    /// construct a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new_in`].
     #[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
     #[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
     #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
@@ -926,6 +957,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> Box<T> {
     /// [`Layout`]: crate::Layout
     #[stable(feature = "box_raw", since = "1.4.0")]
     #[inline]
+    #[must_use = "call `drop(Box::from_raw(ptr))` if you intend to drop the `Box`"]
     pub unsafe fn from_raw(raw: *mut T) -> Self {
         unsafe { Self::from_raw_in(raw, Global) }
     }
@@ -1160,19 +1192,44 @@ impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Box<T, A> {
         unsafe { &mut *mem::ManuallyDrop::new(b).0.as_ptr() }
     }
 
-    /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`
+    /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
+    /// `*boxed` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
     ///
     /// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
     ///
     /// This is also available via [`From`].
-    #[unstable(feature = "box_into_pin", issue = "62370")]
+    ///
+    /// Constructing and pinning a `Box` with <code>Box::into_pin([Box::new]\(x))</code>
+    /// can also be written more concisely using <code>[Box::pin]\(x)</code>.
+    /// This `into_pin` method is useful if you already have a `Box<T>`, or you are
+    /// constructing a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
+    ///
+    /// # Notes
+    ///
+    /// It's not recommended that crates add an impl like `From<Box<T>> for Pin<T>`,
+    /// as it'll introduce an ambiguity when calling `Pin::from`.
+    /// A demonstration of such a poor impl is shown below.
+    ///
+    /// ```compile_fail
+    /// # use std::pin::Pin;
+    /// struct Foo; // A type defined in this crate.
+    /// impl From<Box<()>> for Pin<Foo> {
+    ///     fn from(_: Box<()>) -> Pin<Foo> {
+    ///         Pin::new(Foo)
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let foo = Box::new(());
+    /// let bar = Pin::from(foo);
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "box_into_pin", since = "1.63.0")]
     #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
     pub const fn into_pin(boxed: Self) -> Pin<Self>
     where
         A: 'static,
     {
         // It's not possible to move or replace the insides of a `Pin<Box<T>>`
-        // when `T: !Unpin`,  so it's safe to pin it directly without any
+        // when `T: !Unpin`, so it's safe to pin it directly without any
         // additional requirements.
         unsafe { Pin::new_unchecked(boxed) }
     }
@@ -1190,7 +1247,8 @@ unsafe impl<#[may_dangle] T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Drop for Box<T, A> {
 impl<T: Default> Default for Box<T> {
     /// Creates a `Box<T>`, with the `Default` value for T.
     fn default() -> Self {
-        box T::default()
+        #[rustc_box]
+        Box::new(T::default())
     }
 }
 
@@ -1408,9 +1466,17 @@ impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> const From<Box<T, A>> for Pin<Box<T, A>>
 where
     A: 'static,
 {
-    /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`
+    /// Converts a `Box<T>` into a `Pin<Box<T>>`. If `T` does not implement [`Unpin`], then
+    /// `*boxed` will be pinned in memory and unable to be moved.
     ///
     /// This conversion does not allocate on the heap and happens in place.
+    ///
+    /// This is also available via [`Box::into_pin`].
+    ///
+    /// Constructing and pinning a `Box` with <code><Pin<Box\<T>>>::from([Box::new]\(x))</code>
+    /// can also be written more concisely using <code>[Box::pin]\(x)</code>.
+    /// This `From` implementation is useful if you already have a `Box<T>`, or you are
+    /// constructing a (pinned) `Box` in a different way than with [`Box::new`].
     fn from(boxed: Box<T, A>) -> Self {
         Box::into_pin(boxed)
     }
@@ -1422,7 +1488,7 @@ impl<T: Copy> From<&[T]> for Box<[T]> {
     /// Converts a `&[T]` into a `Box<[T]>`
     ///
     /// This conversion allocates on the heap
-    /// and performs a copy of `slice`.
+    /// and performs a copy of `slice` and its contents.
     ///
     /// # Examples
     /// ```rust
@@ -1554,10 +1620,27 @@ impl<T, const N: usize> From<[T; N]> for Box<[T]> {
     /// println!("{boxed:?}");
     /// ```
     fn from(array: [T; N]) -> Box<[T]> {
-        box array
+        #[rustc_box]
+        Box::new(array)
     }
 }
 
+/// Casts a boxed slice to a boxed array.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// `boxed_slice.len()` must be exactly `N`.
+unsafe fn boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked<T, A: Allocator, const N: usize>(
+    boxed_slice: Box<[T], A>,
+) -> Box<[T; N], A> {
+    debug_assert_eq!(boxed_slice.len(), N);
+
+    let (ptr, alloc) = Box::into_raw_with_allocator(boxed_slice);
+    // SAFETY: Pointer and allocator came from an existing box,
+    // and our safety condition requires that the length is exactly `N`
+    unsafe { Box::from_raw_in(ptr as *mut [T; N], alloc) }
+}
+
 #[stable(feature = "boxed_slice_try_from", since = "1.43.0")]
 impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Box<[T]>> for Box<[T; N]> {
     type Error = Box<[T]>;
@@ -1573,13 +1656,46 @@ impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Box<[T]>> for Box<[T; N]> {
     /// `boxed_slice.len()` does not equal `N`.
     fn try_from(boxed_slice: Box<[T]>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
         if boxed_slice.len() == N {
-            Ok(unsafe { Box::from_raw(Box::into_raw(boxed_slice) as *mut [T; N]) })
+            Ok(unsafe { boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked(boxed_slice) })
         } else {
             Err(boxed_slice)
         }
     }
 }
 
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "boxed_array_try_from_vec", since = "1.66.0")]
+impl<T, const N: usize> TryFrom<Vec<T>> for Box<[T; N]> {
+    type Error = Vec<T>;
+
+    /// Attempts to convert a `Vec<T>` into a `Box<[T; N]>`.
+    ///
+    /// Like [`Vec::into_boxed_slice`], this is in-place if `vec.capacity() == N`,
+    /// but will require a reallocation otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// Returns the original `Vec<T>` in the `Err` variant if
+    /// `boxed_slice.len()` does not equal `N`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// This can be used with [`vec!`] to create an array on the heap:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// let state: Box<[f32; 100]> = vec![1.0; 100].try_into().unwrap();
+    /// assert_eq!(state.len(), 100);
+    /// ```
+    fn try_from(vec: Vec<T>) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+        if vec.len() == N {
+            let boxed_slice = vec.into_boxed_slice();
+            Ok(unsafe { boxed_slice_as_array_unchecked(boxed_slice) })
+        } else {
+            Err(vec)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<A: Allocator> Box<dyn Any, A> {
     /// Attempt to downcast the box to a concrete type.
     ///
@@ -1869,7 +1985,7 @@ impl<I: ExactSizeIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> ExactSizeIterator for Box<I, A
 impl<I: FusedIterator + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FusedIterator for Box<I, A> {}
 
 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
-impl<Args, F: FnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A> {
+impl<Args: Tuple, F: FnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A> {
     type Output = <F as FnOnce<Args>>::Output;
 
     extern "rust-call" fn call_once(self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
@@ -1878,20 +1994,20 @@ impl<Args, F: FnOnce<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnOnce<Args> for Box<F, A> {
 }
 
 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
-impl<Args, F: FnMut<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnMut<Args> for Box<F, A> {
+impl<Args: Tuple, F: FnMut<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> FnMut<Args> for Box<F, A> {
     extern "rust-call" fn call_mut(&mut self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
         <F as FnMut<Args>>::call_mut(self, args)
     }
 }
 
 #[stable(feature = "boxed_closure_impls", since = "1.35.0")]
-impl<Args, F: Fn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> Fn<Args> for Box<F, A> {
+impl<Args: Tuple, F: Fn<Args> + ?Sized, A: Allocator> Fn<Args> for Box<F, A> {
     extern "rust-call" fn call(&self, args: Args) -> Self::Output {
         <F as Fn<Args>>::call(self, args)
     }
 }
 
-#[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "27732")]
+#[unstable(feature = "coerce_unsized", issue = "18598")]
 impl<T: ?Sized + Unsize<U>, U: ?Sized, A: Allocator> CoerceUnsized<Box<U, A>> for Box<T, A> {}
 
 #[unstable(feature = "dispatch_from_dyn", issue = "none")]
@@ -1973,8 +2089,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> AsMut<T> for Box<T, A> {
  *  could have a method to project a Pin<T> from it.
  */
 #[stable(feature = "pin", since = "1.33.0")]
-#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
-impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> const Unpin for Box<T, A> where A: 'static {}
+impl<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator> Unpin for Box<T, A> where A: 'static {}
 
 #[unstable(feature = "generator_trait", issue = "43122")]
 impl<G: ?Sized + Generator<R> + Unpin, R, A: Allocator> Generator<R> for Box<G, A>
@@ -2026,3 +2141,292 @@ impl<S: ?Sized + AsyncIterator + Unpin> AsyncIterator for Box<S> {
         (**self).size_hint()
     }
 }
+
+impl dyn Error {
+    #[inline]
+    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
+    #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
+    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
+    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+        if self.is::<T>() {
+            unsafe {
+                let raw: *mut dyn Error = Box::into_raw(self);
+                Ok(Box::from_raw(raw as *mut T))
+            }
+        } else {
+            Err(self)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl dyn Error + Send {
+    #[inline]
+    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
+    #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
+    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
+    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<dyn Error + Send>> {
+        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
+        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
+            // Reapply the `Send` marker.
+            mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send>>(s)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl dyn Error + Send + Sync {
+    #[inline]
+    #[stable(feature = "error_downcast", since = "1.3.0")]
+    #[rustc_allow_incoherent_impl]
+    /// Attempts to downcast the box to a concrete type.
+    pub fn downcast<T: Error + 'static>(self: Box<Self>) -> Result<Box<T>, Box<Self>> {
+        let err: Box<dyn Error> = self;
+        <dyn Error>::downcast(err).map_err(|s| unsafe {
+            // Reapply the `Send + Sync` marker.
+            mem::transmute::<Box<dyn Error>, Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>(s)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, E: Error + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
+    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::fmt;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// struct AnError;
+    ///
+    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
+    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    ///         write!(f, "An error")
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// impl Error for AnError {}
+    ///
+    /// let an_error = AnError;
+    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(an_error);
+    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + 'a> {
+        Box::new(err)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, E: Error + Send + Sync + 'a> From<E> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+    /// Converts a type of [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`] into a box of
+    /// dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::fmt;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(Debug)]
+    /// struct AnError;
+    ///
+    /// impl fmt::Display for AnError {
+    ///     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+    ///         write!(f, "An error")
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// impl Error for AnError {}
+    ///
+    /// unsafe impl Send for AnError {}
+    ///
+    /// unsafe impl Sync for AnError {}
+    ///
+    /// let an_error = AnError;
+    /// assert!(0 == mem::size_of_val(&an_error));
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(an_error);
+    /// assert!(
+    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(err: E) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+        Box::new(err)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
+    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_string_error);
+    /// assert!(
+    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(err: String) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> {
+        struct StringError(String);
+
+        impl Error for StringError {
+            #[allow(deprecated)]
+            fn description(&self) -> &str {
+                &self.0
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl fmt::Display for StringError {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Display::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Purposefully skip printing "StringError(..)"
+        impl fmt::Debug for StringError {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Debug::fmt(&self.0, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        Box::new(StringError(err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl From<String> for Box<dyn Error> {
+    /// Converts a [`String`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// let a_string_error = "a string error".to_string();
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_string_error);
+    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(str_err: String) -> Box<dyn Error> {
+        let err1: Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync> = From::from(str_err);
+        let err2: Box<dyn Error> = err1;
+        err2
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a> From<&str> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
+    ///
+    /// [`str`]: prim@str
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_str_error);
+    /// assert!(
+    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+        From::from(String::from(err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "string_box_error", since = "1.6.0")]
+impl From<&str> for Box<dyn Error> {
+    /// Converts a [`str`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
+    ///
+    /// [`str`]: prim@str
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    ///
+    /// let a_str_error = "a str error";
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_str_error);
+    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(err: &str) -> Box<dyn Error> {
+        From::from(String::from(err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
+impl<'a, 'b> From<Cow<'b, str>> for Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`] + [`Send`] + [`Sync`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error + Send + Sync>::from(a_cow_str_error);
+    /// assert!(
+    ///     mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(err: Cow<'b, str>) -> Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync + 'a> {
+        From::from(String::from(err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_box_error", since = "1.22.0")]
+impl<'a> From<Cow<'a, str>> for Box<dyn Error> {
+    /// Converts a [`Cow`] into a box of dyn [`Error`].
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::error::Error;
+    /// use std::mem;
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let a_cow_str_error = Cow::from("a str error");
+    /// let a_boxed_error = Box::<dyn Error>::from(a_cow_str_error);
+    /// assert!(mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Error>>() == mem::size_of_val(&a_boxed_error))
+    /// ```
+    fn from(err: Cow<'a, str>) -> Box<dyn Error> {
+        From::from(String::from(err))
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "box_error", since = "1.8.0")]
+impl<T: core::error::Error> core::error::Error for Box<T> {
+    #[allow(deprecated, deprecated_in_future)]
+    fn description(&self) -> &str {
+        core::error::Error::description(&**self)
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn core::error::Error> {
+        core::error::Error::cause(&**self)
+    }
+
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn core::error::Error + 'static)> {
+        core::error::Error::source(&**self)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/alloc/collections/mod.rs b/rust/alloc/collections/mod.rs
index 1eec265b28f8..2506065d158a 100644
--- a/rust/alloc/collections/mod.rs
+++ b/rust/alloc/collections/mod.rs
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ impl Display for TryReserveError {
                 " because the computed capacity exceeded the collection's maximum"
             }
             TryReserveErrorKind::AllocError { .. } => {
-                " because the memory allocator returned a error"
+                " because the memory allocator returned an error"
             }
         };
         fmt.write_str(reason)
@@ -154,3 +154,6 @@ trait SpecExtend<I: IntoIterator> {
     /// Extends `self` with the contents of the given iterator.
     fn spec_extend(&mut self, iter: I);
 }
+
+#[stable(feature = "try_reserve", since = "1.57.0")]
+impl core::error::Error for TryReserveError {}
diff --git a/rust/alloc/lib.rs b/rust/alloc/lib.rs
index 3aebf83c9967..5f374378b0d4 100644
--- a/rust/alloc/lib.rs
+++ b/rust/alloc/lib.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 //! This library provides smart pointers and collections for managing
 //! heap-allocated values.
 //!