13 files changed, 9037 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/rust/alloc/alloc.rs b/rust/alloc/alloc.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6162b5c6d4c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/alloc/alloc.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,438 @@
+//! Memory allocation APIs
+
+#![stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use core::intrinsics;
+use core::intrinsics::{min_align_of_val, size_of_val};
+
+use core::ptr::Unique;
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+use core::ptr::{self, NonNull};
+
+#[stable(feature = "alloc_module", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use core::alloc::*;
+
+use core::marker::Destruct;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;
+
+extern "Rust" {
+    // These are the magic symbols to call the global allocator.  rustc generates
+    // them to call `__rg_alloc` etc. if there is a `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+    // (the code expanding that attribute macro generates those functions), or to call
+    // the default implementations in libstd (`__rdl_alloc` etc. in `library/std/src/alloc.rs`)
+    // otherwise.
+    // The rustc fork of LLVM also special-cases these function names to be able to optimize them
+    // like `malloc`, `realloc`, and `free`, respectively.
+    #[rustc_allocator]
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_alloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, size: usize, align: usize);
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_realloc(ptr: *mut u8, old_size: usize, align: usize, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8;
+    #[rustc_allocator_nounwind]
+    fn __rust_alloc_zeroed(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8;
+}
+
+/// The global memory allocator.
+///
+/// This type implements the [`Allocator`] trait by forwarding calls
+/// to the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// Note: while this type is unstable, the functionality it provides can be
+/// accessed through the [free functions in `alloc`](self#functions).
+#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Default, Debug)]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+pub struct Global;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+pub use std::alloc::Global;
+
+/// Allocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, Layout};
+///
+/// unsafe {
+///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
+///     let ptr = alloc(layout);
+///
+///     *(ptr as *mut u16) = 42;
+///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 42);
+///
+///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn alloc(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_alloc(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+/// Deallocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `dealloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::dealloc`].
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
+    unsafe { __rust_dealloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+/// Reallocate memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `realloc` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::realloc`].
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn realloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_realloc(ptr, layout.size(), layout.align(), new_size) }
+}
+
+/// Allocate zero-initialized memory with the global allocator.
+///
+/// This function forwards calls to the [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`] method
+/// of the allocator registered with the `#[global_allocator]` attribute
+/// if there is one, or the `std` crate’s default.
+///
+/// This function is expected to be deprecated in favor of the `alloc_zeroed` method
+/// of the [`Global`] type when it and the [`Allocator`] trait become stable.
+///
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// See [`GlobalAlloc::alloc_zeroed`].
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::alloc::{alloc_zeroed, dealloc, Layout};
+///
+/// unsafe {
+///     let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
+///     let ptr = alloc_zeroed(layout);
+///
+///     assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 0);
+///
+///     dealloc(ptr, layout);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[must_use = "losing the pointer will leak memory"]
+#[inline]
+pub unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
+    unsafe { __rust_alloc_zeroed(layout.size(), layout.align()) }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+impl Global {
+    #[inline]
+    fn alloc_impl(&self, layout: Layout, zeroed: bool) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        match layout.size() {
+            0 => Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(layout.dangling(), 0)),
+            // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
+            size => unsafe {
+                let raw_ptr = if zeroed { alloc_zeroed(layout) } else { alloc(layout) };
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, size))
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    // SAFETY: Same as `Allocator::grow`
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow_impl(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+        zeroed: bool,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        debug_assert!(
+            new_layout.size() >= old_layout.size(),
+            "`new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
+        );
+
+        match old_layout.size() {
+            0 => self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed),
+
+            // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero as `old_size` is greater than or equal to `new_size`
+            // as required by safety conditions. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            old_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
+                let new_size = new_layout.size();
+
+                // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size >= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
+                intrinsics::assume(new_size >= old_layout.size());
+
+                let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                if zeroed {
+                    raw_ptr.add(old_size).write_bytes(0, new_size - old_size);
+                }
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: because `new_layout.size()` must be greater than or equal to `old_size`,
+            // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `old_size`
+            // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
+            // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
+            // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
+            old_size => unsafe {
+                let new_ptr = self.alloc_impl(new_layout, zeroed)?;
+                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), old_size);
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(new_ptr)
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[unstable(feature = "allocator_api", issue = "32838")]
+#[cfg(not(test))]
+unsafe impl Allocator for Global {
+    #[inline]
+    fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        self.alloc_impl(layout, false)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn allocate_zeroed(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        self.alloc_impl(layout, true)
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout) {
+        if layout.size() != 0 {
+            // SAFETY: `layout` is non-zero in size,
+            // other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            unsafe { dealloc(ptr.as_ptr(), layout) }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
+        unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, false) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn grow_zeroed(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        // SAFETY: all conditions must be upheld by the caller
+        unsafe { self.grow_impl(ptr, old_layout, new_layout, true) }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn shrink(
+        &self,
+        ptr: NonNull<u8>,
+        old_layout: Layout,
+        new_layout: Layout,
+    ) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError> {
+        debug_assert!(
+            new_layout.size() <= old_layout.size(),
+            "`new_layout.size()` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`"
+        );
+
+        match new_layout.size() {
+            // SAFETY: conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            0 => unsafe {
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(new_layout.dangling(), 0))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: `new_size` is non-zero. Other conditions must be upheld by the caller
+            new_size if old_layout.align() == new_layout.align() => unsafe {
+                // `realloc` probably checks for `new_size <= old_layout.size()` or something similar.
+                intrinsics::assume(new_size <= old_layout.size());
+
+                let raw_ptr = realloc(ptr.as_ptr(), old_layout, new_size);
+                let ptr = NonNull::new(raw_ptr).ok_or(AllocError)?;
+                Ok(NonNull::slice_from_raw_parts(ptr, new_size))
+            },
+
+            // SAFETY: because `new_size` must be smaller than or equal to `old_layout.size()`,
+            // both the old and new memory allocation are valid for reads and writes for `new_size`
+            // bytes. Also, because the old allocation wasn't yet deallocated, it cannot overlap
+            // `new_ptr`. Thus, the call to `copy_nonoverlapping` is safe. The safety contract
+            // for `dealloc` must be upheld by the caller.
+            new_size => unsafe {
+                let new_ptr = self.allocate(new_layout)?;
+                ptr::copy_nonoverlapping(ptr.as_ptr(), new_ptr.as_mut_ptr(), new_size);
+                self.deallocate(ptr, old_layout);
+                Ok(new_ptr)
+            },
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The allocator for unique pointers.
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[lang = "exchange_malloc"]
+#[inline]
+unsafe fn exchange_malloc(size: usize, align: usize) -> *mut u8 {
+    let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
+    match Global.allocate(layout) {
+        Ok(ptr) => ptr.as_mut_ptr(),
+        Err(_) => handle_alloc_error(layout),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), lang = "box_free")]
+#[inline]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_box", issue = "92521")]
+// This signature has to be the same as `Box`, otherwise an ICE will happen.
+// When an additional parameter to `Box` is added (like `A: Allocator`), this has to be added here as
+// well.
+// For example if `Box` is changed to  `struct Box<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)`,
+// this function has to be changed to `fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: Allocator>(Unique<T>, A)` as well.
+pub(crate) const unsafe fn box_free<T: ?Sized, A: ~const Allocator + ~const Destruct>(
+    ptr: Unique<T>,
+    alloc: A,
+) {
+    unsafe {
+        let size = size_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
+        let align = min_align_of_val(ptr.as_ref());
+        let layout = Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align);
+        alloc.deallocate(From::from(ptr.cast()), layout)
+    }
+}
+
+// # Allocation error handler
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+extern "Rust" {
+    // This is the magic symbol to call the global alloc error handler.  rustc generates
+    // it to call `__rg_oom` if there is a `#[alloc_error_handler]`, or to call the
+    // default implementations below (`__rdl_oom`) otherwise.
+    fn __rust_alloc_error_handler(size: usize, align: usize) -> !;
+}
+
+/// Abort on memory allocation error or failure.
+///
+/// Callers of memory allocation APIs wishing to abort computation
+/// in response to an allocation error are encouraged to call this function,
+/// rather than directly invoking `panic!` or similar.
+///
+/// The default behavior of this function is to print a message to standard error
+/// and abort the process.
+/// It can be replaced with [`set_alloc_error_hook`] and [`take_alloc_error_hook`].
+///
+/// [`set_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.set_alloc_error_hook.html
+/// [`take_alloc_error_hook`]: ../../std/alloc/fn.take_alloc_error_hook.html
+#[stable(feature = "global_alloc", since = "1.28.0")]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_alloc_error", issue = "92523")]
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[cold]
+pub const fn handle_alloc_error(layout: Layout) -> ! {
+    const fn ct_error(_: Layout) -> ! {
+        panic!("allocation failed");
+    }
+
+    fn rt_error(layout: Layout) -> ! {
+        unsafe {
+            __rust_alloc_error_handler(layout.size(), layout.align());
+        }
+    }
+
+    unsafe { core::intrinsics::const_eval_select((layout,), ct_error, rt_error) }
+}
+
+// For alloc test `std::alloc::handle_alloc_error` can be used directly.
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), test))]
+pub use std::alloc::handle_alloc_error;
+
+#[cfg(all(not(no_global_oom_handling), not(test)))]
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[allow(unused_attributes)]
+#[unstable(feature = "alloc_internals", issue = "none")]
+pub mod __alloc_error_handler {
+    use crate::alloc::Layout;
+
+    // called via generated `__rust_alloc_error_handler`
+
+    // if there is no `#[alloc_error_handler]`
+    #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
+    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rdl_oom(size: usize, _align: usize) -> ! {
+        panic!("memory allocation of {size} bytes failed")
+    }
+
+    // if there is an `#[alloc_error_handler]`
+    #[rustc_std_internal_symbol]
+    pub unsafe extern "C-unwind" fn __rg_oom(size: usize, align: usize) -> ! {
+        let layout = unsafe { Layout::from_size_align_unchecked(size, align) };
+        extern "Rust" {
+            #[lang = "oom"]
+            fn oom_impl(layout: Layout) -> !;
+        }
+        unsafe { oom_impl(layout) }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Specialize clones into pre-allocated, uninitialized memory.
+/// Used by `Box::clone` and `Rc`/`Arc::make_mut`.
+pub(crate) trait WriteCloneIntoRaw: Sized {
+    unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self);
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
+    #[inline]
+    default unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
+        // Having allocated *first* may allow the optimizer to create
+        // the cloned value in-place, skipping the local and move.
+        unsafe { target.write(self.clone()) };
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy> WriteCloneIntoRaw for T {
+    #[inline]
+    unsafe fn write_clone_into_raw(&self, target: *mut Self) {
+        // We can always copy in-place, without ever involving a local value.
+        unsafe { target.copy_from_nonoverlapping(self, 1) };
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/alloc/borrow.rs b/rust/alloc/borrow.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cb4e438f8bea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/alloc/borrow.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,496 @@
+//! A module for working with borrowed data.
+
+#![stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use core::ops::Deref;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use core::ops::{Add, AddAssign};
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub use core::borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut};
+
+use crate::fmt;
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+use crate::string::String;
+
+use Cow::*;
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, B: ?Sized> Borrow<B> for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: ToOwned,
+    <B as ToOwned>::Owned: 'a,
+{
+    fn borrow(&self) -> &B {
+        &**self
+    }
+}
+
+/// A generalization of `Clone` to borrowed data.
+///
+/// Some types make it possible to go from borrowed to owned, usually by
+/// implementing the `Clone` trait. But `Clone` works only for going from `&T`
+/// to `T`. The `ToOwned` trait generalizes `Clone` to construct owned data
+/// from any borrow of a given type.
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "ToOwned")]
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+pub trait ToOwned {
+    /// The resulting type after obtaining ownership.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    type Owned: Borrow<Self>;
+
+    /// Creates owned data from borrowed data, usually by cloning.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// let s: &str = "a";
+    /// let ss: String = s.to_owned();
+    ///
+    /// let v: &[i32] = &[1, 2];
+    /// let vv: Vec<i32> = v.to_owned();
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    #[must_use = "cloning is often expensive and is not expected to have side effects"]
+    fn to_owned(&self) -> Self::Owned;
+
+    /// Uses borrowed data to replace owned data, usually by cloning.
+    ///
+    /// This is borrow-generalized version of `Clone::clone_from`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # #![feature(toowned_clone_into)]
+    /// let mut s: String = String::new();
+    /// "hello".clone_into(&mut s);
+    ///
+    /// let mut v: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
+    /// [1, 2][..].clone_into(&mut v);
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "toowned_clone_into", reason = "recently added", issue = "41263")]
+    fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut Self::Owned) {
+        *target = self.to_owned();
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<T> ToOwned for T
+where
+    T: Clone,
+{
+    type Owned = T;
+    fn to_owned(&self) -> T {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn clone_into(&self, target: &mut T) {
+        target.clone_from(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/// A clone-on-write smart pointer.
+///
+/// The type `Cow` is a smart pointer providing clone-on-write functionality: it
+/// can enclose and provide immutable access to borrowed data, and clone the
+/// data lazily when mutation or ownership is required. The type is designed to
+/// work with general borrowed data via the `Borrow` trait.
+///
+/// `Cow` implements `Deref`, which means that you can call
+/// non-mutating methods directly on the data it encloses. If mutation
+/// is desired, `to_mut` will obtain a mutable reference to an owned
+/// value, cloning if necessary.
+///
+/// If you need reference-counting pointers, note that
+/// [`Rc::make_mut`][crate::rc::Rc::make_mut] and
+/// [`Arc::make_mut`][crate::sync::Arc::make_mut] can provide clone-on-write
+/// functionality as well.
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::borrow::Cow;
+///
+/// fn abs_all(input: &mut Cow<[i32]>) {
+///     for i in 0..input.len() {
+///         let v = input[i];
+///         if v < 0 {
+///             // Clones into a vector if not already owned.
+///             input.to_mut()[i] = -v;
+///         }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // No clone occurs because `input` doesn't need to be mutated.
+/// let slice = [0, 1, 2];
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+///
+/// // Clone occurs because `input` needs to be mutated.
+/// let slice = [-1, 0, 1];
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(&slice[..]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+///
+/// // No clone occurs because `input` is already owned.
+/// let mut input = Cow::from(vec![-1, 0, 1]);
+/// abs_all(&mut input);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Another example showing how to keep `Cow` in a struct:
+///
+/// ```
+/// use std::borrow::Cow;
+///
+/// struct Items<'a, X: 'a> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
+///     values: Cow<'a, [X]>,
+/// }
+///
+/// impl<'a, X: Clone + 'a> Items<'a, X> where [X]: ToOwned<Owned = Vec<X>> {
+///     fn new(v: Cow<'a, [X]>) -> Self {
+///         Items { values: v }
+///     }
+/// }
+///
+/// // Creates a container from borrowed values of a slice
+/// let readonly = [1, 2];
+/// let borrowed = Items::new((&readonly[..]).into());
+/// match borrowed {
+///     Items { values: Cow::Borrowed(b) } => println!("borrowed {b:?}"),
+///     _ => panic!("expect borrowed value"),
+/// }
+///
+/// let mut clone_on_write = borrowed;
+/// // Mutates the data from slice into owned vec and pushes a new value on top
+/// clone_on_write.values.to_mut().push(3);
+/// println!("clone_on_write = {:?}", clone_on_write.values);
+///
+/// // The data was mutated. Let's check it out.
+/// match clone_on_write {
+///     Items { values: Cow::Owned(_) } => println!("clone_on_write contains owned data"),
+///     _ => panic!("expect owned data"),
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[cfg_attr(not(test), rustc_diagnostic_item = "Cow")]
+pub enum Cow<'a, B: ?Sized + 'a>
+where
+    B: ToOwned,
+{
+    /// Borrowed data.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    Borrowed(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] &'a B),
+
+    /// Owned data.
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    Owned(#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")] <B as ToOwned>::Owned),
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Clone for Cow<'_, B> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(b) => Borrowed(b),
+            Owned(ref o) => {
+                let b: &B = o.borrow();
+                Owned(b.to_owned())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
+        match (self, source) {
+            (&mut Owned(ref mut dest), &Owned(ref o)) => o.borrow().clone_into(dest),
+            (t, s) => *t = s.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> Cow<'_, B> {
+    /// Returns true if the data is borrowed, i.e. if `to_mut` would require additional work.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed("moo");
+    /// assert!(cow.is_borrowed());
+    ///
+    /// let bull: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("...moo?".to_string());
+    /// assert!(!bull.is_borrowed());
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    pub const fn is_borrowed(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(_) => true,
+            Owned(_) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the data is owned, i.e. if `to_mut` would be a no-op.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// #![feature(cow_is_borrowed)]
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let cow: Cow<'_, str> = Cow::Owned("moo".to_string());
+    /// assert!(cow.is_owned());
+    ///
+    /// let bull = Cow::Borrowed("...moo?");
+    /// assert!(!bull.is_owned());
+    /// ```
+    #[unstable(feature = "cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    #[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_cow_is_borrowed", issue = "65143")]
+    pub const fn is_owned(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_borrowed()
+    }
+
+    /// Acquires a mutable reference to the owned form of the data.
+    ///
+    /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let mut cow = Cow::Borrowed("foo");
+    /// cow.to_mut().make_ascii_uppercase();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow,
+    ///   Cow::Owned(String::from("FOO")) as Cow<str>
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub fn to_mut(&mut self) -> &mut <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => {
+                *self = Owned(borrowed.to_owned());
+                match *self {
+                    Borrowed(..) => unreachable!(),
+                    Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
+                }
+            }
+            Owned(ref mut owned) => owned,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Extracts the owned data.
+    ///
+    /// Clones the data if it is not already owned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Borrowed` returns a clone of the borrowed data:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let s = "Hello world!";
+    /// let cow = Cow::Borrowed(s);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow.into_owned(),
+    ///   String::from(s)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Calling `into_owned` on a `Cow::Owned` returns the owned data. The data is moved out of the
+    /// `Cow` without being cloned.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::borrow::Cow;
+    ///
+    /// let s = "Hello world!";
+    /// let cow: Cow<str> = Cow::Owned(String::from(s));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///   cow.into_owned(),
+    ///   String::from(s)
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+    pub fn into_owned(self) -> <B as ToOwned>::Owned {
+        match self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed.to_owned(),
+            Owned(owned) => owned,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+#[rustc_const_unstable(feature = "const_deref", issue = "88955")]
+impl<B: ?Sized + ToOwned> const Deref for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B::Owned: ~const Borrow<B>,
+{
+    type Target = B;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &B {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(borrowed) => borrowed,
+            Owned(ref owned) => owned.borrow(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Eq for Cow<'_, B> where B: Eq + ToOwned {}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Ord for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: Ord + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        Ord::cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, 'b, B: ?Sized, C: ?Sized> PartialEq<Cow<'b, C>> for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: PartialEq<C> + ToOwned,
+    C: ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Cow<'b, C>) -> bool {
+        PartialEq::eq(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<'a, B: ?Sized> PartialOrd for Cow<'a, B>
+where
+    B: PartialOrd + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Cow<'a, B>) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        PartialOrd::partial_cmp(&**self, &**other)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Debug for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: fmt::Debug + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Debug>,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Debug::fmt(b, f),
+            Owned(ref o) => fmt::Debug::fmt(o, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> fmt::Display for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: fmt::Display + ToOwned<Owned: fmt::Display>,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match *self {
+            Borrowed(ref b) => fmt::Display::fmt(b, f),
+            Owned(ref o) => fmt::Display::fmt(o, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "default", since = "1.11.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Default for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: ToOwned<Owned: Default>,
+{
+    /// Creates an owned Cow<'a, B> with the default value for the contained owned value.
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Owned(<B as ToOwned>::Owned::default())
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<B: ?Sized> Hash for Cow<'_, B>
+where
+    B: Hash + ToOwned,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        Hash::hash(&**self, state)
+    }
+}
+
+#[stable(feature = "rust1", since = "1.0.0")]
+impl<T: ?Sized + ToOwned> AsRef<T> for Cow<'_, T> {
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &T {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> Add<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: &'a str) -> Self::Output {
+        self += rhs;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> Add<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    type Output = Cow<'a, str>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn add(mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) -> Self::Output {
+        self += rhs;
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> AddAssign<&'a str> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: &'a str) {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            *self = Cow::Borrowed(rhs)
+        } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
+            if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
+                let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
+                s.push_str(lhs);
+                *self = Cow::Owned(s);
+            }
+            self.to_mut().push_str(rhs);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_global_oom_handling))]
+#[stable(feature = "cow_add", since = "1.14.0")]
+impl<'a> AddAssign<Cow<'a, str>> for Cow<'a, str> {
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Cow<'a, str>) {
+        if self.is_empty() {
+            *self = rhs
+        } else if !rhs.is_empty() {
+            if let Cow::Borrowed(lhs) = *self {
+                let mut s = String::with_capacity(lhs.len() + rhs.len());
+                s.push_str(lhs);
+                *self = Cow::Owned(s);
+            }
+            self.to_mut().push_str(&rhs);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/alloc/boxed.rs b/rust/alloc/boxed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..c07536f0d0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/alloc/boxed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2024 @@
+//! A pointer type for heap allocation.
+//!
+//! [`Box<T>`], casually referred to as a 'box', provides the simplest form of
+//! heap allocation in Rust. Boxes provide ownership for this allocation, and
+//! drop their contents when they go out of scope. Boxes also ensure that they
+//! never allocate more than `isize::MAX` bytes.
+//!
+//! # Examples
+//!
+//! Move a value from the stack to the heap by creating a [`Box`]:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! let val: u8 = 5;
+//! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(val);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Move a value from a [`Box`] back to the stack by [dereferencing]:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
+//! let val: u8 = *boxed;</